Quiz 1: Chapter 2

• William Tuke started the York Retreat, a treatment center where people with mental illness would always be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency
• Phillipe Pinel worked to move people with mental illness out of dungeons where they were held as inmates and convinced individuals that people with mental illness were not possessed by devils
• Pinel created a new institution where staff had to include written case history, ongoing treatment notes, and illness classification
• Tuke and Pinel led to significant changes in societal views of people with mental illness
• Eli Todd opened the retreat in Hartford, inspired by Pinel's efforts and allowed patients to have input on their own treatment decisions
• Dorothea Dix saw that individuals with mental illness needed to be treated humanely rather than as inmates
• Dix's activism resulted in 30 state institutions for people with mental illness in the U.S.
• Lightner Witmer is the father of clinical psychology and started the first clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
• Witmer worked with children whose problems arose in school settings and were related to learning or behavior, yet emphasized this treatment could be used for adults too
• Witmer founded the first psychological scholarly journal (The Psychological Clinic) and defined clinical psychology as related to medicine, education, and social work
• 1800s in Europe there were labeling systems, typically one of two:

  Neurosis (suffering some psychiatric symptoms but still hold grasp on reality) and psychosis (break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking)
• Emil Kraepelin is considered the father of descriptive psychology and offers a two-category system of mental illness
• Kraepelin's two categories are:

  Endogenous disorders (caused by internal factors) and exogenous disorders (caused by external factors - considered far more treatable)
• Dementia praecox is the term to describe endogenous disorder similar to what's now known as schizophrenia and set precedent for creation of diagnostic terms leading to the DSM
• The most notable difference in editions of the DSM was between version II and III
• DSM-III established specific diagnostic criteria, including lists indicating exactly what symptoms constitute each disorder
• Edward Lee Thorndike promoted the idea that each person possesses separate independent intelligences
• Charles Spearman lead a group of theorists who argued for the existence of "g" a general intelligence thought to overlap with many particular abilities
• Spearman's dispute on intelligence influenced how clinical psychologists assessed intellectual abilities
• Alfred Binet created the first Binet-Simon scale which yielded a single overall score, endorsing the concept of "g", the first to incorporate a comparison of mental age to chronological age as a measure of intelligence (IQ)
• Terman revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale, known as today
• David Wechsler published the Wechsler-Bellevue test for adults specifically, then eventually made intelligence tests for children and young children.
• In terms of personality, the mental test was first used by Cattell called "Mental tests and measurements" which was used to refer to basic tests of abilities such as reaction time, memory, and sensation and perception
• Rorschach published a projective personality test that used inkblots as a way to read how the client projects their personalities and makes sense of the world around them
• Psychodynamic psychologists used Rorschach inkblot method
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): a projective personality test that individuals had to tell stories about ambiguous stimuli that depicted people
• Draw-a-person test is a projective personality test where personality characteristics are inferred from their drawings of human figures
• Rotter's incomplete sentence blank: projective personality test that sees which way clients finish a sentence
• Objective personality test: clients answered multiple choice or true-false questions about themselves, their experiences, or their preferences, and scoring and interpretation was straight forward
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a test that measures personality traits and their relationship to mental illness., originally having 550 true-false questions and their responses were compared to groups in a random sample
• NEO personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a personality measure geared less toward psychopathology and more geared towards the big five universal personality factors
• Beck Depression/Anxiety inventory: an objective personality test geared more toward specific traits
• Clinical psychology was familiar in the first half of the 1900s, but became more significant in the 1940s and 1950s
• Behaviorism emphasizes the empirical method, with problems and progress measured in observable, quantifiable terms
• Humanistic (also known as the client-centered) approach is Rogers' relationship- and growth-oriented approach to therapy offered an alternative
• Family therapy is understanding mentally ill individuals as symptomatic of a flawed system
• Cognitive therapy emphasized logical thinking as the foundation of psychological wellness and is now the most popular singular orientation to clinical psychologists
• War has influenced clinical psychology in many ways
• IQ tests were used to measure the intelligence of military recruits and soldiers
• Wechsler-Bellevue stemmed from clinical experienced in WWI measuring IQ