Approaches

• What does the scientific method in psychology focus on?

  Objectivity and controlled research
• Research conducted in a lab setting ensures stricter control over variables
• Research conducted in a lab setting accurately reflects real-life behavior

  False
• What is one example of a psychological therapy developed from identifying causes of behavior?

  Depression therapy
• Certain areas of human behavior cannot be measured using the scientific method
• Decision-making processes can be directly observed and controlled in research

  False
• Who is considered the early founder of behaviorism?

  John Watson
• The behaviorist movement began in 1913
• The behaviorist approach explains behavior in terms of learning
• What are stimulus-response explanations also called in behaviorism?

  S-R explanations
• Steps in classical conditioning

  1️⃣ Before Conditioning: Unconditioned Stimulus - Food, Neutral Stimulus - Bell, Unconditioned Response - Salivation

  2️⃣ During Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus - Bell, Unconditioned Response - Salivation

  3️⃣ After Conditioning: Conditioned Stimulus - Bell, Conditioned Response - Salivation
• In Pavlov's experiment, food is the unconditioned stimulus
• During conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• What did Watson and Rayner's Little Albert experiment aim to discover?

  Preconceived emotions in humans
• In the Little Albert experiment, Albert became conditioned to fear the rabbit
• Reinforcement makes a behavior more likely to occur
• What is an example of positive reinforcement to encourage good behavior in a student?

  Providing a sticker
• Negative reinforcement involves the removal of something unpleasant
• Skinner's box was used to study operant conditioning
• What did the rat in Skinner's box accidentally press to receive food?

  A lever
• Match the conditioning principle with its application:

  Classical conditioning ↔️ Treat phobias

  Operant conditioning ↔️ Modify behavior

  Negative reinforcement ↔️ Remove unpleasant stimulus

  Positive reinforcement ↔️ Add reward
• Critics have questioned the ethics of animal research due to the stressful
• Animals in behavioral research were exposed to aversive conditions
• What is the central idea of social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura?

  Learning through observation
• Social learning theory highlights that children may imitate positive and social behavior
• What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?

  Observing someone else being reinforced
• Key mediational processes in social learning theory

  1️⃣ Attention

  2️⃣ Retention

  3️⃣ Reproduction

  4️⃣ Motivation
• Imitation is more likely if we identify with the role model
• In the Bobo doll study, children were divided into three groups
• What did children who observed the aggressive model in the Bobo doll study display?

  More aggressive behavior
• The findings of the Bobo doll study support the social learning theory
• What reductionist view does the social learning theory adopt regarding learned behavior?

  Classical and operant conditioning only
• Social learning theory explores how cultural differences can affect behavior
• What does the biological approach focus on to explain behavior?

  Genes, structures, neurochemistry
• The biological approach assumes that everything psychological is at first biological
• Evolutionary psychology considers genetic influences in common behaviors
• What research methods are used to study the genetic basis of behavior?

  Twin studies, adoptive studies
• Genes are genetic information carried by DNA
• Genes may form the basis of behavior in line with Darwin's theory of evolution
• What is the genotype in the biological approach?

  The particular set of genes