diseases

• varicose veins: dilated and painful veins due to leaky valves

  • factors that contribute include heredity and conditions that reduce venous return
  • standing in one position too long, obesity, or pregnancy, blood pools in lower limbs weakening valves; affects more than 15 of adults
• elevated venous pressure can cause varicose veins

  • straining to deliver a baby or have bowel movement raises intra-abdominal pressure, resulting in varicosities in anal veins called hemorrhoids
• Hypertension


  sustained blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

  • heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke are all caused
  • heart pumps way too hard and then it weakens the heart
• prehypertension 


  blood pressure hasn't reached hypertension levels yet but changes must be made so they don't reach that level
• Primary Hypertension

  • 90% of hypertensive conditions
  • no underlying causes identified
  • Risk factors include heredity, diet, obesity, age, diabetes mellitus, stress, and smoking
  • No cure but can be controlled
  • Restrict salt, fat, cholesterol intake
  • Increase exercise, lose weight, stop smoking
  • Antihypertensive drugs
• secondary hypertension

  Less common

  • Due to identifiable disorders including obstructed renal arteries, kidney disease, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome
  • Treatment focuses on correcting underlying cause
• hypotension

  Low blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg

  Usually not a concern unless it causes inadequate blood flow to tissues

  Often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness
• Orthostatic hypotension


  temporary low BP and dizziness when standing up quickly
• Chronic hypotension


  hint of poor nutrition and sign of addison's disease or hyperthyroidism
• Acute hypotension


  important sign of circulatory shock
• Circulatory shock


  blood vessels can now fill properly and blood doesn't circulate properly

  • blood flow can't meet tissue's needs
• Hypovolemic shock 


  caused by losing a lot of blood
• Vascular shock

  extreme vasodilation can decreased peripheral resistance
• Cardiogenic shock

  ineffective heart can not sustain adequate circulation