Chapter 1 - PSY 0010

• significant outcome


  differences between groups are real and not due to chance

  -this means that the IV caused changes in the DV
• control group


  does not get treatment
• treatment group


  gets treatment
• the simplest experiment

  has two groups

  -treatment group

  -control group

  statistics are used to compare the groups' scores

  -significant outcome
• experiment


  controlled research where the researcher:

  -manipulated some variables (independent variables, IV)

  ---manipulated between groups and subjects

  -measures other variables (dependent variables, DV)

  ---are outcomes that might be affected by the IV
• zero correlation


  no association between variables
• negative correlation


  variables move in opposite directions

  more sleep=less stress
• positive correlation


  variables move in the same direction

  more sleep=more alertness
• variable


  behavior or event that can vary
• correlational research


  two sets of variables are examined for associations-associations are represented with a correlation coefficient (tells us, is there a connection)

  -coefficient ranges from -1.0 --- 1.0-correlations DO NOT imply cause and effect

  -other possible explanations (things we do not know of) working between variables
• case studies


  intensive investigation of a single person

  -necessary for rare disorders or phenomena
• survey research


  structured questions about behavior and attitudes

  -a sample (subset) of a larger population is surveyed

  --sample might not be representative of the population

  ----random sampling corrects this

  --people might not answer truthfully
• naturalistic observation (observational study)


  observing public behavior without interfering

  -describes in its "natural habitat"
• archival research

  study of existing records (census data, medical records, databases)

  -data might be incomplete or improperly collected
• types of psychological research

  archival research

  naturalistic observation

  survey research

  case studies

  correlational research
• scientific method step 4

  communicate the findings (journals and conference presentations)
• operational definitions


  specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed(defining procedures pretty much)

  ex: aggression = punching, kicking, biting
• scientific method step 3

  conduct the research

  -develop operational definitions

  -choose research method

  -collect and analyze the data
• hypothesis


  a testable prediction that comes from a theory

  -is testable because data will confirm or disconfirm it
• theory


  a broad explanation that:

  -describes how a phenomenon works

  -allows us to make predictions about phenomenon

  -good ___________ are supported by data (facts) and obtained from research
• Scientific method step 2

  formulate an explanation for the question of interest-theory -hypothesis
• Scientific method step 1


  identifying questions of interest, which come from:

  -curiosity and hunches

  -extensions and previous research

  -theoires
• scientific method


  a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge

  four main steps
• Who are the humanistic psychologists?

  Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
• Humanistic


  we are motivated to reach our full potential

  -people have free will and make choices

  -Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
• Cognitive


  focuses on how people think and understand the world

  -the mind processes information similar to a computer
• Who are behavioral psychologists?

  John Watson and B.F. Skinner
• Behavioral


  focuses on observable behavior

  -studies how behavior is changed by the environment

  -John Watson, B.F Skinner
• Who founded psychodynamic>

  Sigmund Freud
• Psychodynamic


  behavior is influenced by inner forces and conflicts

  -we are unaware of these events

  -events are revealed by dreams and slips of the tongue

  -founded by Sigmund Freud
• Neuroscience


  behavior is influenced by the brain, genes, and the body
• Anna Freud (woman)


  treatment of abnormal behavior
• June Downey (woman)


  among the first to study personality
• Mary Calkins (woman)


  memory; first female president of APA (American Psychological Association)
• Leta Hollingworth (woman)


  child development and womens issues
• Who are the Gestalt Psychologists?


  Max Wertheimer and Herman Ebbinghaus
• Gestalt psychology


  interested in perception

  -how are individual elements perceived as a whole

  -"the whole is different than the sum of its parts"

  -Max Wertheimer and Herman Ebbinghaus
• Functionalism


  focuses on what the mind does; how behavior functions
• William James


  founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment
• problems with introspection


  outside observers can't verify the subject's experiences

  some emotions are hard to describe