PART 4 - FUNDA

• Stephen Girard - a wealthy French-born banker, won the hearts of citizens of his adopted city of Philadelphia for his courageous and compassionate nursing of the victims of the 1793 yellow fever epidemic.
• Urbanization and industrialization - those without families to care for them found themselves in hospitals with the quality of nursing care.
• Late 19th century - Hospital-based nursing care became a problem when changes in medical practices and treatments required competent nurses.
• Trained nurse – a new health care professional that resulted from the convergence of hospitals’ needs, physicians’ wishes, and women’s desire for meaningful work.
• Germ theory - the knowledge that many illnesses were caused by bacteria.
• Florence Nightingale was a nurse who tended to injured soldiers in the Crimean War in the 1850s and played a significant role in changing the nature of the nursing profession in the 19th century.
• Mysticism and superstitions - these were the early beliefs of health and illness in the Philippines
• Herbolarios - herb doctors that uses leaves or roots
• word doctors - Priest physician
• Herbicheros - Herb men, meaning one who practiced witchcraft
• Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched by “mangkukulam” or “manggagaway”
• Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called “pamao”) were attributed to “nunos”
• Mabuting hilot - the good midwife that was called in during labor
• babaylan - priest physicians in spanish regime
• Male nurses - were acknowledged as Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring sick individuals in the hospital in 1578
• male nurses in spanish regime were referred as practicante or enfermero
• albularyo - herb doctor in spanish regime