English History questions only

• Epistolary novel is a series of letters between the fictional characters of a narrative, for example, Samuel Richardson "Pamela".
• Bildungsroman is a class of novel that depicts and explores the manner in which the protagonist develops morally and psychologically, for example, Henry Fielding "Joseph Andrews".
• Novels of circulation, also known as "it narrative", follow the fortunes of an object, for example a coin, that is passed around between different owners, for example, Edward Phillips "The Adventures of a Black Coat".
• Novels of travel and adventure, such as Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe", are a popular genre in the 18th century novel.
• True Crime novels, like Daniel Defoe "Moll Flanders", are also a part of the 18th century novel genre.
• Historical novel is a novel that has as its setting a period of history and that attempts to convey the spirit, manners, and social conditions of a past age with realistic detail and fidelity to historical fact, for example, Daniel Defoe "A Journal of the Plague Year".
• Gothic novel is fiction having a prevailing atmosphere of mystery and terror, for example, Mary Shelley "Frankenstein".
• Different representations of femininity in the 18th century novel include The Ideal Woman, who portrays women as virtuous, pure, and submissive, expected to embody moral virtues, such as modesty, patience, and self-sacrifice, and are usually depicted as loyal wives and selfless mothers, dedicated to maintaining their households and raising their children.
• The Femme Fatale are often depicted as seductive and manipulative characters who use their sexuality and charm to gain power over men, seen as dangerous and immoral, often leading male characters astray.
• Mathew Arnold defines culture as the best that has been thought and said in the world.
• Mathew Arnold believes that culture is essential for creating a harmonious society and that it should be the guiding principle in all human endeavors.
• The Victorians period was the time of paradoxes, as evidenced by the distinct shifts and contradictions that arose during this time.
• Symbolism and allegory were used extensively in Victorian poetry, with poets making use of symbols and allegories to convey their ideas and beliefs, using objects, animals, and natural elements to represent abstract concepts.
• Victorian poetry was characterized by Social and moral concerns, exploring themes such as industrialization, urbanization, poverty, inequality, and the treatment of women.
• Sentimentality and nostalgia were common in Victorian poetry, with longing for the past or an idealized version of it.
• Social Contradictions during the Victorians period were reflected in Victorian literature, which addressed both the wonders of progress and the harsh realities of social injustice.
• Morality and Hypocrisy were emphasized during the Victorians period, with an emphasis on moral values and strict social norms, but this moral façade often concealed hypocrisy.
• Culture is the pursuit of perfection and excellence in all aspects of life, including literature, art, philosophy and morality.
• Escapism and romanticism were prevalent in Victorian poetry, with poets using their work as a means to escape the realities of their society, often inspired by nature, medieval legends, fairy tales, and myths.
• Gender Roles and Women's Issues were emphasized during the Victorians period, with distinct roles for men and women, while women were expected to embody purity and domesticity, there was also an undercurrent of frustration and desire for women's rights.
• The Independent Woman features female characters who challenge traditional roles and expectations, rejecting the notion of submission and striving for independence, intellectual growth, or financial freedom, often defying social conventions and facing criticism for their choices.
• Human beings were an important part of the social organization and were the main subject of literature in the Enlightenment, while in the Romanticism, nature was paramount.
• The Lake Poets were known for their romantic and nature-oriented poetry, which celebrated the beauty and power of the natural world.
• Gothic literature also began to address societal issues and psychological themes, reflecting the anxieties and fears of the time.
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Fears in Solitude" is a historically significant poem in which the speaker discusses the threats his country is facing, expressing a love for his country and depicting the natural world beautifully.
• As time passed, the gothic genre expanded to encompass a wider range of themes and settings, including haunted houses, mysterious castles, and eerie landscapes.
• The Enlightenment valued attention to the poetic "eye," where the reader sees the other person through the author's eye, while the Romanticism focused on the poetic "I," meaning the reader sees the author in the protagonist.
• The Lake School of Poetry was a group of English poets who lived in the Lake District of England during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.
• Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is a Gothic novel, which arose in the 18th century from the concept of the sublime and renewed interest in the medieval period, especially Gothic architecture.
• The literature of the English Enlightenment and Romanticism differed in their emphasis on thought, reason, common sense versus emotions, imagination, individual experience.
• Formal rules, diction, vocabulary, and grammar were very important in the Enlightenment, while they were less important in the Romanticism, focusing on using "the language of the common man".
• The Narrator/Observer are female characters who take on the role of narrators or observers, offering insights into the social dynamics of their time or commenting on the actions of other characters.
• In Heart of Darkness, Conrad explores the notion of Otherness through the character of Kurtz and his journey into the heart of Africa.
• In Jane Eyre, the character of Bertha Mason portrays Otherness through her Creole background.
• Bertha, described as having a "discolored and savage" appearance, represents an exotic and mysterious figure that stands in stark contrast to the genteel Victorian society in which the novel is set.
• In Heart of Darkness, women are viewed as distant objects of desire, representing the unfamiliar and mysterious Other.
• The portrayal of Bertha as a madwoman locked in the attic further emphasizes her Otherness, as she is imprisoned and silenced due to her race and mental health.
• Kurtz, an enigmatic figure whose savagery has made him a godlike figure among the native African people, represents the ultimate embodiment of the Other.
• Both novels also examine the Otherness of women within society, with Jane Eyre's protagonist being an outsider due to her gender and lower class status.
• Both novels examine themes of colonialism, gender, race, and class, and challenge societal norms and prejudices.