AP world 5.2

• 1. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires. Transoceanic empires, like the maritime empiresof the Early Modern Period are industrialized (core) nations that built empires overseas for resource extraction andmarkets for goods
• Transoceanic empires, like the maritime empiresof the Early Modern Period are industrialized (core) nations that built empires overseas for resource extraction andmarkets for goods
• Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires, which were industrialized (core) nations that built empires overseas for resource extraction and markets for goods.
• States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies, such as the British in India and the Dutch in Indonesia.
• European states, as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.
• The most significant event in the colonization of Africa was the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, which set the rules for European colonization in Africa.
• European powers used diplomacy to settle the border disputes in Africa, according to the Berlin Conference, by having treaties with the local leaders, flying their flag there, and governing the territory with a police force.
• This set off what is known as “The Scramble for Africa”, with the British and the French being the largest stakeholders in Africa, but Belgium receiving the huge colony of the Congo, and the Germans, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italians also acquiring some territory.
• British forces moved in to occupy Egypt because they needed to look after their financial interests and protect/control the Suez Canal.
• As Egypt attempted to build its economy and military, it had to borrow heavily from European banks and lenders, leading to high taxes and rebellion.
• The Cherokee Nation banded together in order to try to resist further American encroachment on their land, adopting European systems of governance and economics.
• Some groups attempted to assert control over their territories on the edge of expanding nations, with the exception of Thailand (Siam).
• Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) seized control of Egypt and essentially turned it into a nation of its own, essentially ruling itself under Ottoman rule.
• France and Italy had been setting up some colonies in North Africa throughout the 19th century, with France taking Algeria during the Napoleonic Wars.
• Greece achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire with the help of other nations.
• Serbia, Moldova and Bulgaria continued to fight and resist Ottoman rule, eventually losing all of their Balkan territory.
• Egypt played a significant role in Ottoman decline, being very economically productive and its loss hurt the Ottoman greatly.
• The Zulu Kingdom effectively organized resistance against Afrikaans (Dutch South African) and later British expansion in South Africa, led by Shaka Zulu.
• Social Darwinism, asserting that the strong people, or nations, should continue to see their wealth grow and the weak should see their wealth and power decrease, facilitated and justified imperialism.
• Siam (Thailand) was able to successfully play the French in the East (Indochina) off of the British in the west (Burma-Myanmar), remaining never colonized by Europeans.
• Scientific racism also flourished as “scientists” sought to demonstrate the “biological superiority” of the North-Western Europeans over other inferior races based on skull shape, nose size and skin color.
• The ideas of the “White Man’s Burden” written by Rudyard Kipling, part of imperialism, sought to teach the rest of the world, AKA the non-White portions, how to be “civilized.”
• Hawai’i was eventually annexed by Americans in the late 19th century after being isolated for most of history.
• With the Meiji Restoration and ensuing reform movements, Japan rapidly modernized, westernized, industrialized and militarized.
• The United States and Russia emulated European transoceanic imperialism by expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring territories.
• Internal strife over imperialism and political control allowed the Emperor (Meiji) and his advisors to wrest control away from the Tokugawa Shogunate.
• State formation is the formation of countries in the modern sense, the first time in world history that countries exist as a formal entity.
• States have defined boundaries, a government that is sovereign over that territory, and often use nationalism to define what it means to be a member in that country.
• Through multinational corporations, such as the United Fruit Company, US diplomatic efforts, and the construction of the Panama Canal, the United States gained a great deal of economic control over Latin America.
• Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world.
• The Tokugawa Shogunate began isolating itself around 1600 (known as Sakoku) and remained that way until Matthew Perry’s Expedition into Edo Bay in 1853.
• The Qing Dynasty eventually collapsed under foreign pressure and imperialism.
• The expansion of U.S and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan.
• Many states formed during this period, particularly Germany and Italy, and others shrank considerably, such as the Ottoman Empire and China.
• Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
• Ultimately, Russia did exert some control over China.
• Nationalism, ethnic conflict and other forces caused many groups to grow dissatisfied with Ottoman rule, and they began resisting and rebelling against Ottoman rule.
• Russia had continued its eastern push in the period and continued to seek warm-water seaports in order to be more imperial.
• American expansion culminated in the Spanish-American War, in which the Spanish were quickly defeated and the Americans took control of numerous former Spanish colonies, including Puerto Rico, areas of Cuba, and the Philippines.
• The United States in the period had completed Manifest Destiny and continued to expand control and influence in the Caribbean, Latin America, and began setting up fueling stations/colonies in the Pacific.