microbio exam 1

• functions of microbes

  decompose organic waste, generate oxygen by photosynthesis, production of chemical products and fermented foods
• how is microbiology beneficial?

  prevent food spoilage, prevent disease, understand causes and transmission of diseases
• the human microbiome

  40 trillion bacterial cells, maintain good health, prevent growth of pathogenic microbes, help train immune system to discriminate threats
• how is the microbiome acquired?

  vaginal canal, colonize indefinitely or transient
• normal microbiota


  prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factors such as vitamins b & k
• resistance


  ability of body to ward off disease
• classifications of microbes

  archaea, bacteria, eukarya
• mycology

  study of fungi
• bacteria


  prokaryotes, single celled, peptidoglycan cell walls, divide via binary fission
• archaea


  prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan cell walls, may lack cell wall entirely, often live in extreme environments, include methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles
• fungi


  eukaryotes, chitin cell walls, absorb organic chemicals for energy, unicellular or multicellular, mostly sarrophytes
• yeasts

  unicellular fungi, reproduce by budding or fission
• molds


  fungi, consist of mycella, hyphae
• sarrophytes


  cannot make their own food
• hyphae


  anchoring, reproduction, absoption
• septate


  separated, partitions or crosswalls
• coenocytic/aseptate


  hollow and multinucleate
• mycelium


  matlike group of hyphae, filaments hairy and wooly
• vegetative hyphae


  on surface
• arial hyphae


  project above surface, conidia, sporangiospores, become airborne, morphology used to classify fungi, involved in reproduction
• reproduction of fungi


  fungi form spores for reproduction, sexual: meiosis preceded by fusion or hyphae and nuclei, asexual: mitosis only, creates direct copy of parent sporangiospores and conida
• rhizopus


  decomposers that feed on dead organic matter, found in soil, fruit, veggies, old bread
• aspergillus


  found in soil and plant matter, cause allergic rxns, can infect the lungs and sinus,
• oppurtunistic infection


  affects immunocompromised
• penicillium


  found in soil, decay roots of penicillin
• protozoa


  eukaryotes, absorb/ingest organic chemicals, may be able to move, free living or parasitic, some are photosynthetic, reproduce sexually or asexually
• paramecium


  fresh water, mouth, eats yeast, baceteriam unicellular algae, nonpathenogenic
• amoeba


  located in decaying vegetation, fresh water, path or nonpath, phagocytize their food using pseudopods
• trypanosoma


  unicellular parasitic protozoa, different species infect different vertebrates, majority are non pathenogenic
• trypanosoma brucei


  causes african sleeping sickness, can move through the blood brain barrier, causes confusion, disrupted behavior, coma & death, resovoir: humans, domestic and wild animal
• trypanosoma cruzi


  cause chagas disease, swelling, fever, heart failure
• plasmodium


  causes malaria, fever, tiredness, vomiting, headache caused by rupturing of red blood cells, 2 forms: free living parasite, reproduce in red blood cell
• trichomonas vaginalis


  STD, causes trichomoniasis: itching, burning, discharge, odor
• algae


  eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls, sexual and asexual reproduction
• viruses


  acellular, core contains DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat, coat may be enclosed in lipid envelope, can only replicate when in a living host cell, inert outside living hosts
• multicellular animal parasites


  eukaryotes, not strictly microorganisms, parasitic roundworms and flatworms
• round worms

  nematoda, (ascaris: heartworms & intestinal, pinworm: intestinal, c. elegans: genetics study & non path, hookworm: pierces skin)
• flatworms

  platyhelminthes
• trematoda


  flukes, parasitic, requires 2 hosts, spread through water source,
• cestoda


  tapeworm, parasitic, feeds via nutrient absoption