enlightentment

• locke - life liberty property

  political contract between people and govt

  natural laws imply natural rights
• montesquieu - separation of power

  checks and balances

  rejected divine right
• voltaire - free speech and freedom of religion

  citizens should be able to depend on laws that protect the freedom of the weak from the ambitions of the strong (no prosecution)
• rousseau - general will

  popular sovereignty

  long term gains over short term gains
• becarria - prison reforms

  no torture nor capital punishment
• encyclopedia - advance knowledge and philosophy of enlightenment thinkers

  for bourgeoisie
• frederick the great - king of prussia

  freed serfs in royal lands but not his own estate

  meritocracy !!

  affirmed privileges of nobles
• catherine the great of russia - westernized russia

  subjugated last descendants of mongols

  less torture

  limited religious tolerance

  serfdom very oppressive
• maria theresa of austria - wanted reforms

  reduced power of lords

  improved agricultural population
• Scientific revolution gave light to the enlightenment
• Copernicus - heliocentric
• kepler - orbits of planets
• galileo - law of inertia

  findings violated and questioned church traditions
• skepticism - a questioning spirit
• empiricism - actual evidence needed
• optimism - belief in progress
• bacon - scientific method
• descartes - geometry

  deductive reasoning
• adam smith - capitalism
• causes of fr - economic issues

  imbalance of estate general

  louis xvi marie antoinette
• louis xvi conundrum - need to tax for money but need to call estates general for tax but will lessen his absolute rule
• how national assembly came to be - bc king didn’t let estates vote by head third estate formed national assembly
• tennis court oath - national assembly members vowed not to separate until they got a constitution
• human agency - bread riots storm bastille the great fear women’s march
• political reforms - national assembly constitution of 1791
• constitution of 1791 - created citizenry
• citizen (in france at that time) - man and not a slave