AQA A Level Geography - Changing Places

• World Bank


  Invests in and sets up thousands of projects which aim to reduce poverty. Between 2010 and 2015 provided funding to Nirgbo New Countryside Development Project in China. Improved social conditions of area by providing clean wastewater disposal to 144 villages
• World Food Programme

  provides emergency food, prevent death from famine (social), provided aid to millions of people in Yemen since 2015
• International/global institutions

  World Food ProgrammeWorld Bank
• Multinational corporations


  impact demographic, social and economic characteristicsDetroit, USA
• Government policy Hulme

  1992 regeneration of Hulme local council and partners aimed to increase population as well as employment rates and quality of life
• Government policy Germany

  1960s German government invited Turkish people to live and work in Germany, now has many aspects of Turkish culture
• Government policies

  -Big impact on demographic characteristics of a place (one child policy)-Cultural characteristics (Germany)-Social and economic characteristics (Hulme)
• Media places definition

  Places that people have not been to, but have created a sense of place through their deception in the media
• Experienced place definition


  Places that people have spent time in. When a person visits/lives in a place their experiences shape their sense of that place
• Far place definition

  Distant from where a person lives, seen as foreign
• Near place definition

  Geographically near to where a person lives, feels like home
• Example of a clone town

  Broad Mead Bristol
• Provenance

  positive or negative impression, symbols or stereotypes, author/artists choices, context who created the source, hidden texts, compared to other sources, wider processes.
• Reliability


  secondary sources supply information through someone else's perspective, interpretation makes data subjective, could be inaccurate
• Totness

  one of lowest percentages of branded stores = strong sense of community in town, all local produce and businesses, local economy.fought to stop Costa.
• Clone Towns

  losing their place identitye.g. Broad Mead, Bristol, doesn't represent Bristol's diversity and history as a city. TNCs and chain stores can afford rents whereas independent stores pushed out
• Place identity


  how people experience a place and the meaning they give to it.Identity can be evident at a local, regional and national scale, people can hold multiple and conflicting views of a place
• Evaluation of informal representation


  +can be changed for contextX subjectiveX data may be interpreted differently
• Evaluation of formal representation

  +quantitative data is non-bias and easy to interpretX doesn't show an actual representation of a place
• Examples of formal representation

  Census data, OS maps
• Examples of informal representation


  art, media, tv, film, photos, music, murals, graffiti
• Informal representation


  not accurate representation, creative, related with certain groups in societye.g. Beijing Olympics - one child policy hidden
• Formal representation


  facts, objective, quantitative, statistical data e.g. Census or Geospatial data (GIS), 90% of data in last decade is geographically located
• Why immigrants suffer exclusion

  media portrays them negatively, so viewed negatively by population, in a white British area.
• Why young or elderly suffer exclusion

  stereotypes, can't use certain things 18+ 65+, may be frail so can't access certain things
• Why disabled people suffer exclusion


  may not be able to access certain areas e.g. stairs
• Why gypsies suffer exclusion

  live in their own communities and have different traditions
• Why homeless people suffer exclusion

  people look down on them and don't want to interact with them
• Why LGBT communities suffer exclusion

  people have opposing views and may be unwelcoming/uneducated
• Why ethnic minorities suffer exclusion

  feel uncomfortable as they are minority in area, e.g. Marlborough 93% white
• Groups which suffer exclusion

  Ethnic minoritiesLGBT communitiesHomelessGypsies/travellersDisabledAgeImmigrants
• Migration within the EU

  -new shops, some schools struggle with large numbers of children having English as a second language. -Fish processing in Scotland, farm work in East Anglia = benefited from labour
• Examples of exogenous factors

  movement of:people, resources, money, investment, ideas
• Exogenous factors

  external factors that shape the character of a place, generally the relations that a place has with other places that affects its characteristics
• Factors influencing place

  -location-built environment-physical geography-topography-land use-economic characteristics-infrastructure-demographic characteristics
• Examples of endogenous factors


  Land use, demographic, nature/landscape
• Endogenous factors


  internal factors that help shape the character of a place, physical as well as human features
• Information age


  bombarded with images and other forms of representations about the world
• Genius Loci


  the spirit of a place - develop a sense of place, learn more about it
• Experienced place


  Places we have been to and developed our own sense of place, deeper understanding and true nature, emotional attachment, change previous perceptions, Genius loci