CRI 174 M 11

• Asphyxia - is applied to all forms of violent death due to interference with the process of respiration. It is a condition in which the supply of 02 to the blood or tissues or both has been reduced below normal level.
• Anoxic Death -  Failure of arterial blood to be normally saturated with 02
• Anemic anoxic death - Decrease capacity of the blood to carry 02 due to Hge, CO poisoning, Low Hgb
• Stagnant anoxic death - Failure of circulation due to Heart failure shock, arterial venous obstruction
• Histotoxic anoxic death -  Failure of the cellular oxidative process, cannot be utilized in the tissues. Cyanide 
• Dyspneic phase - Breathing is rapid and deep, PR inc., Rise of BP due to lack of O2 and retention of CO2 
• Convulsive phase - Cyanosis more pronounced, pupils dilated unconscious
• Apneic phase - Breathing is shallow, gasping Due to paralysis of respiratory center
• ASPHYXIA BY DROWNING - It is a form of asphyxia where the nostrils and mouth have submerged in watery fluid
• Submersion for 1.5 minutes is  considered fatal
• Average time required for death in drowning is 2-5 minutes
• Schaefer's method  -Face down, prone position operator exerts pressure in ribs
• Sylvester's method -  Lying on his back astride over body, swinging arms
• Within 24 Hours due to the decomposition which causes the accumulation of gas in the body, the body floats
• tete de negri  -  bronze color of head and neck; face as the most dependent portion of the body
• Near drowning - To distinguish between fatal and non-fatal drowning,
• . Dry drowning - As they try to breathe, water enters the pharynx. This stimulates the reflex that closes the larynx and epiglottis, thus diverting water to the stomach. With the airway sealed, the patient suffocates. Water has not entered the lungs
• Freshwater drowning - When external respiration (exchange of gasses in the lungs) is interfered with by freshwater entering the lungs, the body will absorb the water into the blood.drowning
• normal blood pH is 7.4 on a scale of 1 to 14, 1 being most acidic and 14 being most alkaline 
• Saltwater drowning - As the viscosity of the blood increases, the circulation becomes sluggish, slowing the heart rate until the point of cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest may occur up to 12 minutes after rescue
• Secondary drowning - When a drowning victim is successfully rescued and resuscitated, they may appear to be fully recovered. But their life could still be in danger.
• Secondary Drowning - If water has entered the body, rapid absorption from the stomach to the bloodstream will take place, causing haemodilution and distortion of pH balance. This could kill the patient up to 72 hours after being rescued
• Secondary Drowning - If the patient drowned in salt water, residual water in the lungs could draw fluid from the bloodstream causing pulmonary edema or 'shockedlungsyndrome, which may occur many hours after the event.
• Hypothermia - This must be considered in all cases of near drowning. The symptoms of hypothermia can mimic cardiac arrest. 
• Alcohol - can speed the onset of hypothermia, slow reactions, and increase the risk of vomiting: 
• Mammalian diving reflex - This is a physiological response particularly common in young babies that occurs when a victim is plunged face-first into icy cold water. This little-understood reflex results in a near-total shutdown of the respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems to the point of 'suspended animation' and apparent death.