Organisation

• Adaptations of root hair cell

  Large surface area to absorb more water.

  Lots of mitochondria for more respiration for active transport of mineral ions
• Adaptations of the small intestine (4)

  1. Villi and microvilli increase surface area for faster absorption

  2. Rich blood supply helps carry absorbed molecules away to maintain a steep diffusion gradient

  3. Thin wall means short diffusion distance

  4. Mitochondria to release energy for active transport of glucose when glucose concentrations are low in the gut
• Adaptations of lungs (4)

  1. Many alveoli- increases surface area to increase rate of gas exchange

  2. Walls 1 cell thick - short diffusion distance

  3. Well ventilated- maintains a concentration gradient

  4. Rich blood supply- maintains a concentration gradient

  5. Moist lining to dissolve gasses for quicker diffusion
• Tissue


  A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
• Organ


  A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
• Organ system


  A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
• Lock and key theory

  Theory of enzyme action stating that the active site's shape is an exact fit for the substrate.
• Where is amylase found?

  In the mouth (salivary glands) and small intestine
• Where is lipase found?

  Small intestine
• Where is protease found?

  Stomach
• What does amylase breakdown starch into?

  Glucose (sugars)
• What does lipase breakdown lipids into?

  Glycerol and fatty acids
• What does protease breakdown proteins into?

  Amino acids
• Where is bile made?

  Liver
• Where is bile stored and released from?

  Gall bladder
• What is the function of bile?

  It emulsifies fats to increase its surface area
• What is the test for sugars?

  Put blue benedict's solution on food and heat and will turn red if present.
• What is the test for proteins?

  Add Biuret solution and it will turn from blue to purple (lilac)
• What is the test for starch?

  Add iodine and it turns blue/black
• What is the test for lipids?

  Add ethanol and mix. Forms milky white emulsion if lipid present
• How would you test an enzymes (amylase) optimum pH?

  1. Place drops of iodine onto dropping tile

  2. Mix starch solution with pH buffer of pH testing

  3. Mix with amylase and start timer.

  4. Every 10s remove a drop of soltion and add to iodine drop. Continue till blue/black colour is no longer seen

  5. Change pH buffer in step 2 and repeat

  6. Optimum pH is the one which see's all the starch broken down quickest (shortest time for it to stop turning blue/black)
• Artery


  A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
• Vein


  A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
• Difference between an artery and a vein

  Arteries have:

  Thicker walls

  Narrower lumens

  Higher pressure blood

  
  

  Veins also have valves to prevent backflow unlike arteries
• Capillary


  A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.
• Through what structures does the air pass through when inhaled? (4)

  Trachea

  Bronchus

  Bronchioles

  Alveoli
• Aorta


  Largest artery in the body that leaves the left ventricle of the heart and goes to the rest of the body carrying oxygenated blood
• Vena cava


  Largest vein in the body that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium of the heart
• Pulmonary Artery


  Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs
• Pulmonary vein


  Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
• Components of blood


  Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• Plasma


  Liquid part of blood, carries dissolved substances
• Platelets


  Blood clotting when damage occurs to blood vessel
• White blood cell


  Makes up immune system to fight disease
• Red blood cell


  Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
• Coronary heart disease


  The clogging of the coronary vessels that nourish the heart muscle. This means less oxygen can reach the heart muscle leading to heart attacks.
• Treatments of heart disease

  Stents - widen clogged vessels

  Statins - Reduce cholesterol which clogs vessels

  Donor hearts
• Interactions of diseases (4)

  1. Viruses can cause cancers

  2. Immune system defects can lead to further suffering from other infectious diseases

  3. Immune reactions causes by pathogens can lead to allergic reactions like rashes

  4. Severe physical illness can lead to depression
• Cancer


  Uncontrolled growth and division of cells forming tumours
• Benign tumours


  Growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other tissues