Linguistic

• Syntax is the study of sentence structure, including word order and grammatical relationships between words.
• Spatial Deixis is used in terms like there, here, everywhere.
• Direct Speech Acts involve the communication of the literal meaning of words and the establishment of a direct relationship between form and function.
• Deixis involves using a more vague term for something, which could lead to others not understanding exactly what is meant when using pronouns instead of a name.
• Imperatives in requests are a form of apology.
• Temporal Deixis is present in every word that is conjugated.
• Indirect Speech Acts involve the communication of a different meaning from the literal meaning uttered on the surface, and the form and function are not directly related.
• Personal Deixis is mostly personal pronouns.
• Open word classes allow for new words to be added or made.
• Verbs can be full, auxiliary, or copula verbs, and can have finite or infinite verb forms.
• Conjunctions can be and, or, as, or because.
• Determiners can be the, some, an, this, that, one, or two.
• Phrases mean that every lexical item has its own phrase.
• Adjectives can be gradable or ungradable.
• Prepositions can be up, out, on, in, or about.
• Pronouns can be personal, possessive, demonstrative, or reflexive.
• Closed class refers to a fixed set of words.
• Affixes are either Derivational affixes, which change the lexical meaning of a word, or Inflectional affixes, which change the grammatical meaning of a word.
• Suppletion is a phenomenon where a morpheme is replaced by an entirely different one to mark grammatical change, for example, go - went.
• Conjugation is a change in the grammatical structure of verbs.
• A base is any form to which a morphological operation applies.
• Intransparent compounds are those where combined morphemes don't make direct sense, for example, greenhouse.
• Inflection (change of grammatical meaning) is a change in the form of a word.
• Conversion is a word formation process where a given word changes its wordclass, for example, dirty (verb), dirty (adj.)
• A root is the most basic form of a lexical morpheme.
• Transparent compounds are those where one morpheme clearly describes the other, for example, waterbed.
• Declination is a change in the grammatical structure of nouns.
• Comparison is a change in the grammatical structure of adjectives.
• Alphabetisms are initialisms, where each letter is pronounced individually, for example, POV, SOS.
• Blends are word formation processes that involve blending two words together, often involving clipping, for example, emotion + icon = emoticon.
• Acronyms are initialisms, where the letters are pronounced as a word, for example, NATO.
• Coinage is the process of coining entirely new words, for example, [].
• Compounding is a word formation process that involves combining two morphemes, for example, bedroom - sky high, tree house.
• A stem is the base for inflected forms.
• Derivation is a word formation process that involves changing the form and meaning of a word, for example, sing - singers.
• Clipping is a word formation process where the meaning is remained while the word is shortened, for example, advertisement - ad.
• Back-formation is a word formation process where a new word is created by adding an affix, for example, spo - foodspo
• <S>All languages have a system of phonemes which are distinct spoken elements of sound that convey meaning.
• Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in real-world situations, including speech acts (e.g., requests, commands), politeness strategies, and conversational implicature.
• Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed.