PMT

• What is oxidation in terms of oxygen gain?

  When a substance gains oxygen
• What is reduction in terms of oxygen loss?

  When a substance loses oxygen
• What is the reactivity series of metals?

  • Metals ordered by reactivity
  • Metals above H2 react with acids
  • More reactive metals react quicker and more violently
  • Metals below H2 do not react with acids
  • Mostly Group I and II metals react with water
  • Aluminium is a borderline case
• What is a displacement reaction?

  A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal
• How are unreactive metals found in Earth?

  In their natural state
• How can metals less reactive than carbon be extracted?

  Reduction with carbon
• How are metals more reactive than carbon extracted?

  By electrolysis
• How are oxidation and reduction defined in terms of electron transfer?

  Oxidation is loss of electrons
• What is the general equation for a reaction between metals and acids?

  Metal + acid → salt + hydrogen
• Which metals in the reactivity series will react with acid?

  Those above hydrogen
• What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction?

  Base + acid → salt + water
• What is the general equation for the reaction between metal carbonate and acid?

  Metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide
• What is the general equation for the reaction between metal oxides and acids?

  Metal oxide + acid → a salt + water
• What is a redox reaction?

  A reaction where both oxidation and reduction occurs
• Which species is oxidised and which is reduced when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid?

  Magnesium is oxidised; hydrogen is reduced
• How is a soluble salt formed?

  1. React excess acid with insoluble chemical (e.g., metal oxide)
  2. Filter off leftovers
  3. Crystallise the product
• What do acids and alkalis produce in aqueous solutions?

  Acids produce hydrogen ions; alkalis produce hydroxide ions
• What are bases, acids, and alkalis?

  • Bases neutralise acids
  • Acids produce hydrogen ions in solutions
  • Alkalis are soluble bases producing hydroxide ions in solutions
• What is the pH scale and what does a pH of 7 show?

  Measure of acidity/alkalinity; neutral solution
• What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction in ionic form?

  H+ + OH− → H2O
• What is a strong acid?

  Completely ionised in aqueous solution
• What is a weak acid?

  Partially ionised in aqueous solution
• What happens to pH as concentration of H+ increases?

  pH decreases
• What does a pH of 7 indicate?

  Neutral solution
• What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction?

  H+ + OH− → H2O
• What defines a strong acid?

  Completely ionised in aqueous solution
• What defines a weak acid?

  Partially ionised in aqueous solution
• What happens to pH as the concentration of H+ increases?

  The pH decreases
• What is a concentrated acid?

  More moles of acid per unit volume
• What is a dilute acid?

  Solutions of low concentrations
• How does concentration differ from strength of an acid?

  Concentration is not the same as strength
• What happens to hydrogen ion concentration as pH decreases by one unit?

  Increases by a factor of 10
• What is the name of the salt LiNO3?

  Lithium nitrate
• What is the name of the salt K2CO3?

  Potassium carbonate
• What is the name of the salt MgBr2?

  Magnesium bromide
• What is the name of the salt BaSO4?

  Barium sulfate
• What is electrolysis?

  Passing electric current through ionic substances
• What is an electrolyte?

  Liquid/solution that conducts electricity
• What is a cathode?

  Negative electrode
• What is an anode?

  Positive electrode