Science 9 Quarter 3

• The term “volcano” refers to a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent in which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are or have been erupted from the earth's crust.
• The lava and other volcanic materials originated from molten materials called magma found beneath the surface of the Earth.
• Magma and other volcanic materials are finding its way to the surface where they are expelled through openings like cracks and holes.
• Any activity that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the surface is called volcanism.
• The summit is the highest point or the apex of the volcano.
• At the summit, you have an opening called vent.
• Slopes are the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate from the main or central vent.
• The base is the lower outer part of the volcano.
• Other geologic features of a volcano include a magma chamber, a main vent, a conduit, a side vent, a crater, lava, ash and gas cloud, and magma.
• Kevin Sebold's photograph of a Strombolian eruption, taken on March 30, 2013, is an example of a volcanic eruption.
• ACTIVITY 1: NAME MY PARTS requires students to label the parts of a volcano using the words inside the box and fill out the given table with their correct descriptions.
• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the government agency tasked with monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the country.
• Based on their findings, common signs when a volcano is about to erupt include increased seismic activity, changes in gas emissions, and changes in ground deformation.
• Plinian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption named after Mount Vesuvius, which occurred on March 31, 2018.
• The parts of a volcano include the magma chamber, crater, lava, main vent, secondary vent, ash and gas cloud.
• A magma chamber is a region beneath the vent of a volcano where molten rock or magma is deposited or stored before eruption.
• Vulcanian eruption is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
• Strombolian eruption is a periodic, weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like the Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
• Phreatomagmatic eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where magma heats up the groundwater, causing an explosion.
• Plinian eruption is an excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials, like in Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales.
• Strombolian eruption is named after the Stromboli Volcano in Italy.
• Our country has more than a hundred volcanoes, with twenty-four (24) being active while the rest are either potentially active or inactive volcanoes.
• Potentially active volcanoes are those that have no records of volcanic activity but are morphologically young-looking.
• Volcanoes are generally classified as wet or dry depending on the magma’s water content.
• Hydrothermal eruptions are characterized by the release of hot water and steam, often resulting in the formation of geysers.
• Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma, resulting in a large column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastic materials called base surges.
• Mount Rainier is an active volcano.
• The physical form of the volcano Mount Mauna Loa has signs of intensive weathering and erosion.
• Phreatic or hydrothermal is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water, characterized by ash columns and may be a beginning of a larger eruption.
• Shield Volcanoes are potentially active volcanoes.
• Mount Fuji is a potentially active volcano.
• A main vent is the main opening or outlet on the surface of a volcano that emits lava, gases, ash or other volcanic materials.
• A conduit is an underground central tube-like or pipe-like structure of a volcano that connects the magma chamber to the crater through which the magma travels.
• A side vent is a smaller opening through which magma escapes.
• A crater is the mouth of the volcano which is a funnel-shaped or bowl-shaped hollow at the top of the vent from where magma, ash and gas comes out.
• Lava is a molten rock which is given off onto the surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts.
• Ash and gas cloud is a mixture of rock, minerals, glass particles and gases expelled or pushed out of the volcano during volcanic eruption.
• Mount Mayabobo is a shield volcano, as evidenced by its broad, flat, rounded shape and the lack of pyroclastic materials.
• The lava of shield volcanoes is not accompanied by pyroclastic materials, making them relatively safe.
• Mount Kanlaon is a composite volcano, characterized by its steepness and the presence of pyroclastic materials.