MODULE 1

• Communication is an exchange of meaningful input or information from one another
• Communication is generally understood as a process that contain certain elements such as source, message, encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback, context, and barrier
• Source – the speaker or sender of message
• Message – the input or information shared by the speaker or sender
• Encoding - process of sending the message
• Encoding - process of sending the message
• Channel – ways or means of sending the message
• Decoding – process of understanding or receiving the message
• Receiver – recipient of the message
• Feedback – verbal or non-verbal response of the receiver
• Context – the situation or environment where the communication takes place
• Barrier – factors that affect or interfere the communication process
• barriers to communication:

  1. physical
  2. physiological
  3. psychological
  4. semantic
• Psychological Barriers - attitude, prejudice, fear, anxiety, stress, etc.
• Physical Barriers - physical distance, noise level, lighting, temperature, etc.
• Shannon-Weaver Model (1949), communication includes the following concepts: sender, encoder, channel, decoder, receiver and feedback. Furthermore, there is also concept of noise included in the model, which goes through the channel and renders the message more difficult to understand by the receiver
• communication is seen as a oneway process in the shannon-weaver's model
• Osgood- Schramm Interactive model is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature
• the osgood schramm interactive model is a two way process
• osgood-schramm model breaks the sender and receiver model, it sees communication in a practical way. It can happen within our self or two people
• each person acts as both sender and receiver and hence use interpretation in the osgood-schramm interactive model
• the osgood-schramm interactive model is one that is simultaneously taking place (e.g. encoding, interpreting, and decoding)
• The transactional model, unlike the linear, recognizes that communication is a simultaneous process and therefore switched both the terms “sender” and “receiver” to “communicator.”
• transactional model also adds “environment,” which embraces not only physical location, but also personal experiences and cultural backgrounds.
• transactional model is the overlap between each communicator; this recognizes similarities between each communicator’s environment.
• transactional model displays how communication becomes more difficult when communicators have less in common. In addition, it recognizes how the type of channel can affect meaning
• models of communication:

  1. shannon-weaver's model
  2. osgood-schramm interactive model
  3. transactional model
• communication principles (Barrot and Sipacio, 2018):

  1. is a process of exchanging verbal and/or non- verbal information between two or more people who can be either the speaker or the receiver of messages
  2. is used to meet the purpose of a person. The purpose could be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
  3. can be in the form of written, verbal, non- verbal, and visuals
  4. can be intended or unintended
  5. is a complex process
• forms of communication: written, verbal, non- verbal, and visuals
• Written communication involves texts or words encoded and transmitted through memos, letters, reports, online chat, short message services (SMS), e- mail, journals, and other written documents
• Verbal communication involves an exchange of information through face-to-face, audio and/or video call or conferencing, lectures, meetings, radio, and television
• Visual involve the use of images, graphs, charts, logos, and maps
• nonverbal-communication: voice, body language, personal space or distance, personal appearance
• Voice – this includes tone, speech rate, pitch, pauses and volume
• Body language – this includes facial expressions, gestures, postures, and eye contact
• Personal space or distance – this refers to an area of space and distance that a person from a different culture, personality, age, sex, and status adopts and puts for another person
• Personal appearance – this refers how a person presents himself/herself to a particular situation, whether formal or informal
• Intended communication refers to planning what and how to communicate your ideas to other people
• Unintended communication, on the other hand, happens when you unintentionally send non-verbal messages to people whom you are communicating
• complex process of communication:

  1. know your audience
  2. determine your purpose
  3. identify your topic
  4. expect objections
  5. establish credibility with your target audience
  6. present information clearly and objectively
  7. develop a practical, useful way to seek for feedback