memory

• Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?

  Atkinson & Shiffrin
• What does the multi-store model of memory act as?

  A unitary system
• What happens if one part of the multi-store model fails?

  The whole system cannot work effectively
• How many memory stores are in the multi-store model?

  Three
• What is the primary function of the processes in the multi-store model?

  Enable transfer from one store to the next
• How is information processed in sensory memory?

  Via all of our senses
• How is information encoded in short-term memory?

  Acoustically (by sound)
• How is information processed in long-term memory?

  Semantically (by meaning)
• What is the capacity of short-term memory?

  5-9 items
• What is required to keep information in short-term memory longer than 18 seconds?

  Maintenance rehearsal
• What happens to information in short-term memory if rehearsal does not occur?

  It will decay or be displaced
• How long can information last in short-term memory?

  Maximum 30 seconds
• What is the duration of information in sensory memory?

  Milliseconds
• How long can information last in long-term memory?

  Indefinitely
• What can cause forgetting in long-term memory?

  Interference or retrieval failure
• What are the key differences between the three memory stores in the multi-store model?

  • Sensory Memory:
  • Coding: iconic/echoic
  • Capacity: large
  • Duration: milliseconds
  • Short-Term Memory (STM):
  • Coding: acoustic
  • Capacity: 5-9 items
  • Duration: max 30 seconds
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM):
  • Coding: semantic
  • Capacity: unlimited
  • Duration: infinite
• What did Murdoch (1960) and Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) demonstrate?

  Short-term and long-term are separate stores
• What is the recency effect?

  Better recall of last items presented
• What happens to the recency effect when recall is delayed?

  It disappears
• What does the primacy effect refer to?

  Better recall of first items presented
• What does the case of HM illustrate about memory stores?

  They are distinct and function independently
• What type of memory was HM able to use after his surgery?

  Procedural memory
• What is a limitation of the multi-store model regarding rehearsal?

  Too much emphasis on the need for rehearsal
• What does the case of KF suggest about memory?

  There are separate routes to long-term memory
• What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad hold?

  Visual and spatial information
• What is the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

  About three to four objects
• What does the phonological loop store?

  Auditory information
• What are the two subcomponents of the phonological loop?

  Phonological store and articulatory control system
• How long can the phonological loop hold information?

  For 1-2 seconds
• What is the function of the episodic buffer?

  Integrate visual, spatial, and verbal information
• What does the case of KF support about the WMM?

  Slave systems can work independently
• What did Baddeley's dual-task performance test demonstrate?

  Slave systems can work independently
• What are the strengths and limitations of the working memory model?

  Strengths:

  • Supports independence of slave systems (KF case)
  • Demonstrates limited capacity of components (Baddeley)

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Complexity in identifying brain damage
  • Lacks population validity from case studies
• What is procedural memory linked to?

  Skill-based information
• What happens to procedural memory after practice?

  It becomes automatic
• What does the cerebellum control?

  Fine motor activity for skills
• What does the case of Clive Wearing illustrate?

  Different types of memories are stored separately
• What does the case of Clive Wearing illustrate about memory?

  Different types of memory are stored separately
• What type of accident did KF suffer from?

  Motorcycle accident
• What impairment did KF experience after his accident?

  Impairments to his short-term memory (STM)