PROGRAMMING

• Computers are electronic machines that accept digitized input, process according to a set of internally stored instructions, and produce the resulting output information.
• The evolution of computers includes mechanical calculators, analog computers, 1st generation computers, 3rd generation computers, 2nd generation computers, 4th generation computers, and quantum computing.
• Types of computers include portable computers (smartphones, tablets, wearables), personal computers (desktops, laptops, netbooks), workstations (high-end computers in decline), embedded systems (specialized computers, smart appliances, cars), mainframes (servers used in commercial and government sectors), and supercomputers (specialized use in research).
• Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts, figures, symbols, or its representations, it may convey no meaning by its own when one or more data is transformed, interpreted, and contextualized, it becomes information.
• Downey, A.B, and J. Elkner, "Think Python: How to Think like a Computer Scientist", Green Tea Press, 2008.
• Programming is the process of solving a problem by translating an algorithm into a code in order for a computer to complete or solve something.
• Matthes E, "Python Crash Course, 2nd Edition: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming", No Starch Press; 2019.
• Zelle, John M, "Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science", Portland, OR: Franklin, Beedle &; Associates Inc., 2017.
• Slatkin B, "Effective Python: 59 Specific Ways to Write Better Python", Pearson Education; 2015.
• Sweigart, Albert, "Automate the Boring Stuff with Python: Practical Programming for Total Beginners", San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press, 2019.
• Input refers to the data fed into and processed by a computer, then as a result of, the computer may produce an output.
• An output can be in the form of the blinking of LED lights, different computer text/graphics, haptic feedback, audio signals, or printed materials.
• A computer program refers to a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do.
• A conditional statement results in a Boolean value, which is either True or False.
• Basic steps to programming include understanding the problem, designing the algorithm, coding the algorithm, debugging the program, testing the program, and improving the program.
• A computer is a electronic machine that processes a required input to produce a desired output.
• Programming refers to the process of creating the set of instructions, or simply the "code", necessary to tell the computer how to perform a task or to achieve a goal.
• A software application, or simply an "app", is a computer program that is designed to perform specific tasks such as utility, productivity, communication, social networking, navigation, health, fitness, e-commerce, travel, and for other purposes.
• Interpreted programming languages require to run the original source code whenever you need to execute it again.
• A computer is composed of CPU, RAM, ROM, secondary memory, input/output devices, and other peripherals.
• Examples of compiled programming languages include JavaScript, Python, PHP, etc.
• Relational operators are symbols used to compare the relationship between two values.
• The and operator in logical operators results in a value of TRUE if and only if both operands are TRUE, otherwise it is FALSE.
• An interpreter refers to a program that runs a program written in high-level programming language line-by-line and executes it on-the-go.
• Logical operators are keywords used to perform chained operations on multiple or complex conditions.
• The or operator in logical operators results in a value of TRUE if at least one operand is TRUE, otherwise it is FALSE.
• Instructions in an algorithm must be clear, the procedure must terminate, and there must be a correct output.
• The not operator in logical operators reverses the value of the operand.
• An algorithm refers to the step-by-step procedure used to perform a task or to achieve a goal in a finite set of steps.
• A file refers to a digital container of data stored in a computer containing one or more types of information such as text, images, audio, video, software, or any other form of digital content.
• The contents of a RAM will be erased once the electricity is cut-off from the source.
• A library refers to a collection of modules that provide a specific functionality.
• 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
• Scope refers to the accessibility and availability of an entity in a program.
• CPU refers to the Central Processing Unit which performs complex calculations to make a computer operate functionally.
• A byte is a group of 8-bits used to represent a single character in a computer.
• External Storage refers to a secondary memory storage where files can be permanently stored unless forcibly deleted.
• An executable file is a platform dependent file that is compiled to be executed as an application.
• 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
• Character refers to a digital representation of a single text, such as alphabets, numbers, symbols, emojis, scripts, and other printable and non-printable data.