Anatomy

• What are the divisions of the oral cavity?

  Vestibule and oral cavity proper
• What muscles are located in the floor of the mouth?

  Mylohyoid and geniohyoid
• What is the posterior aperture of the oral cavity also known as?

  Oropharyngeal isthmus
• What does the oropharyngeal isthmus connect the oral cavity to?

  The oropharynx
• What is the function of the tongue?

  Speech, taste, mastication, swallowing
• What is the mucosal fold on the inferior surface of the tongue called?

  Frenulum
• What two parts can the tongue be divided into?

  Mobile anterior and fixed posterior
• What does the posterior part of the tongue form?

  Anterior border of the oropharynx
• What is the name given to the lymphoid tissue found on the pharyngeal surface of the tongue?

  Lingual tonsil
• Which surface of the tongue lacks papillae?

  Pharyngeal surface
• What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

  • Palatoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Genioglossus
• What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

  • Longitudinal
  • Transverse
  • Vertical
• Which nerve innervates all the motor muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus?

  Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
• Which nerve provides sensory innervation for pain and temperature to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

  Lingual nerve (V3)
• Which nerve provides sensory innervation for pain and temperature to the posterior one-third of the tongue?

  Glossopharyngeus nerve (IX)
• Which nerve provides taste sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

  Facial nerve (VII)
• Which nerve provides taste sensation to the posterior one-third of the tongue?

  Glossopharyngeus nerve (IX)
• Which artery supplies blood to the tongue?

  Lingual artery
• Where does the tongue's venous drainage flow to?

  Internal jugular vein
• During hypoglossal nerve palsy, in which direction will the tongue deviate when protruding?

  Towards the side of the lesion
• Why does the tongue deviate towards the paralyzed side in hypoglossal nerve palsy?

  Due to unopposed muscle action
• Which artery supplies blood to the teeth?

  Inferior and superior alveolar artery
• What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

  Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
• Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located?

  Roof of nasopharynx
• Where are the palatine tonsils located?

  Lateral side of oropharyngeal isthmus
• Where are the lingual tonsils located?

  Posterior surface of tongue
• Which nerve may be damaged during a tonsillectomy, potentially causing loss of taste in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

  Glossopharyngeal nerve
• The palatine tonsils drain into which lymph nodes?

  Deep cervical nodes
• At what level does the esophagus enter the stomach?

  T10
• Where does the cervical esophagus begin?

  Opposite cricoid cartilage on C6
• Where does the thoracic esophagus lie in relation to the trachea and vertebral column?

  Between trachea and vertebral column
• At what level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

  T10
• What prevents gastric reflux in the abdominal esophagus?

  Inferior oesophageal sphincter
• Where does venous drainage of the thorax portion of the esophagus flow?

  Azygos system
• Where does venous drainage of the abdomen portion of the esophagus flow?

  Portal system
• What causes oesophageal varices?

  Portal hypertension
• How does the tongue drain lymphatically?

  • Tip of tongue -> Submental nodes
  • Lateral parts of the anterior 2/3 -> Submandibular nodes
  • Posterior 1/3 -> Jugulo-omohyoid nodes
• Where does carcinoma in the anterior two thirds of the tongue most probably spread?

  Submandibular lymph nodes
• Where does carcinoma in the posterior one third of the tongue most probably spread?

  Jugulo-omohyoid nodes
• What is the anatomical basis for deviation of the tongue towards the paralysed side in hypoglossal nerve palsy?

  The stronger, unparalyzed side pulls tongue