Bio

• Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next.
• Children are not usually exact copies of their parents nor are brothers and sisters exactly alike, this difference is known as variation.
• The study of heredity and variation is known as the science of genetics.
• Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents.
• Traits are physical characteristics.
• You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
• Genetics is the study of how genes and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
• Genetics is a science that deals with heredity and variation among organisms boils down from the hybridization experiment of Gregor Mendel.
• Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, studied inheritance of seven traits in pea plants and first used the term dominance and recessiveness.
• Gregor Mendel is the father of modern genetics.
• Gregor Mendel spent his time in the garden studying the different structural characteristics and growing habits of plants.
• Gregor Mendel conducted his experiments with garden peas in a small garden plot in a monastery.
• Gregor Mendel studied inheritance of seven traits in pea plants and first used the term dominance and recessiveness.
• Gregor Mendel chose garden peas for his experiments because they are easy to cultivate and cross, reproduce at a fast rate, are hardy plants, and do not need much caring.
• Gregor Mendel observed seven traits in pea plants: seed shape, seed color, seed coat color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, stem length, and whether the seed is round or wrinkled.
• Gregor Mendel discovered the basic underlying principles of heredity that apply to people and other animals because the mechanisms of heredity are essentially the same for all complex life forms.
• Genes are sections of a chromosome that control what traits any living thing will have and controls what traits a living thing can pass to its young.
• Law of Dominance states that when purebreeding plants having contrasting characters are crossed, all the offspring will show only one of the characters, the character that appears is dominant and the one that does not is recessive.
• Punnett Square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment, it is a tabular summary of every possible combination of one maternal allele with one paternal allele for each gene in the cross, it provides the relative proportion of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
• Allele is one of two or more forms of a gene; groups of genes.
• Dihybrid Cross involves contrasting forms of different traits, this cross involves an organism which is heterozygous for two pairs of alleles.
• Recessive Trait is a trait that is hidden.
• Mendelian Laws of Heredity include Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of independent Assortment.
• Law of independent Assortment states that the expression of one particular trait does not affect the expression of another trait, during the production of gametes, the random segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is entirely independent of the segregation of the allelic pair, in other words, genes for different traits pass independently.
• Monohybrid Cross is a cross which involves only one pair of traits, Mendel called this cross a monohybrid cross.
• F1 Generation is the first filial generation, or the offspring's of P generation.
• Law of Segregation states that two genes of a pair separate or segregate during gamete formation, therefore, the traits are distributed.
• P Generation is the parent generation, when a purebreed green pea and a yellow pea were crossed.
• Dominant Trait is a trait that hides another trait.
• Homozygous has 2 of the identical (same) alleles of a gene, an organism that has both alleles for the green color in its allelic pair, the gene, or its genotype.
• Genotype is the genetic makeup of the cell, a pair of these alleles provides the kind of gene or genetic make-up that each progeny will have.
• Heterozygous has 2 different alleles of a gene, if the pair of allele is different, one for yellow and the other for green.
• Phenotype is the organism's observable characteristics or traits; external appearance of an individual, the traits and outward appearance we see in an organisms are the expressions of the genotype.
• Purebreeding or Truebreeding is when the traits of the offspring are the same as the parent plant for several generations.
• F2 Generation is the second filial generation, or the offspring's of F1 generation.