GEO 522

• Mandate - A country that had been freed from Ottoman rule could not receive immediate freedom, they were unable to do so because they were under the rule of ottoman for so long because they believed they were not ready.
• Protectorate - A situation in which a country is allowed control of internal affairs but foreign policy is governed by another country. Gulf places control its own affairs but internationally they align with the USA because they are financed by them. These foreign powers protect them
• Types of colonies - Regular and Settler
• Regular – India, Libya examples of regular. Britain sends people to go control and organize the powers but they do not send people to go live there and take control
• Settler – areas that have been colonized by a foreign power that our sending settlers to put roots in foreign territory. Example Canada, Britain sent settlers to take control of Canada, Australia another example. South Africa, Algeria.
• Franz Fanon – A scholar who was a doctor and was in Algeria and joined the revolution. Wrote a book on what it is like to be a colonized society and how this process reaches the stage of people fighting back.
• Imperialism is the process whereby agents of an expanding society gain inordinate influence or control over the vitals of weaker societies by diplomacy ideological suasion, conquest and rule or by planting colonies of its own peoples abroad
• Formal Empire Reasons

  • They have willing collaborators
  • To prevent other European countries from taking over the land
  • Wild card factor
• Five Feddan Law; law forbade moneylenders from demanding land as collateral on loans if a peasant’s holding were five feddan or less
• Ottoman Empire would have never joined Britain France and blank anyways because Russia was a big rival of theirs
• The Constantinople agreement 1915

  -        Secret agreement between France, Britain, Russia

  -        France takes Syria, Russia take Istanbul, Britain Palestine, Transjordan, someone else

  -        None of these things were implemented

  -        Important because it was the first time Europeans decided they were going to divide the middle east. They decided it was legal and moral for them to divide the piece of land that they had won in the war as a spoil of war. They felt entitled to take the land
• They promise if the Arabs help win the war in exchange Britain promised that they would be allowed to create one or multiple Arab states. They did not clarify which states these were
• The Sykes-Picot agreement 1916

  -        British and the French, the Russians were informed and was contingent on their agreement

  -        The promise at the end of the war Russia would be given Istanbul

  - Some revolution happened and the Russians withdrew from everything
• The Balfour Declaration - Negotiated with the British leader that they were going to support the creation of a Jewish national home
• Wilson had 14 points before entering the war and point 12 was that all the people under the Ottoman rule would gain the right self determination
• o   Sectarianism might be defined as a phenomenon whereby religious affiliation becomes the foundation for collective identity in a multireligious environment.
• o   The local consulates of European states granted these merchants special certificates known as berats
• o   1870 the French government issues the Cremieux Decree which gave French citizenship to the forty thousand Jews of Algeria but since no such privilege was granted to Algerian Muslims French policy had the effect of separating and hardening the boundaries between the two communities
• • Egypt achieved independence with the 1922 Treaty which allowed the British to retain control in 4 areas:
  • Security of imperial communications
  • Defense of Egypt against outside aggression
  • Protection of foreign interests and minorities
  • The Sudan
• The only 3 states to escape colonial rule were Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia
• 1. France: Algeria (colony), Morocco and Tunisia(protectorates), Syria and Lebanon (League of Nationsmandates)
  2. 2. Britain: Egypt (under British influence), South Yemen(colony), Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq (mandates), Kuwait,Bahrain and Qatar (under treaty arrangements)
  3. 3. Italy: Libya (colony)
• People: “a body of persons that are united by a commonculture, tradition, or sense of kinship, that typically havecommon language, institutions, and beliefs, and that oftenconstitute a politically organized group”
• Government: “the organization, machinery, or agency throughwhich a political unit exercises authority and performsfunctions and which is usually classified according to thedistribution of power within it”
• State: “a politically organized body of people usually occupyinga definite territory; especially one that is sovereign”