ZOOLFUN

• vesicles and vacuoles


  membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport
• Endomembrane system


  A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. Regulates protein traffi and perform metabolic functions
• Chromatin


  complex of DNA makin up chromosomes
• Chromosomes


  structures that carry the genetic infromation. each contain one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins.
• Nuclear lamina


  a netlike array of protein filaments (intermediate filametns) that maintain the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envolope.
• Pore complex


  an intricate protein structure that regulates the entry and exit of proteins and RNAs as well as large complexes of macromolecules
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)


  the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants, and stores calcium ions
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)


  the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification.
• Endoplastic reticulum (ER)


  The biosynthetic factory. Network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes.
• Nucleus

  Includes the:- Nuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing the nucleus separated by a space of 20-40 nm; perforated by pores that are about 100 nm in diameter; continuous with ER- Nucleolus: non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli- Chromatin: material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes.
• Golgi apparatus


  The shopping and receiving center. organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products.
• Lysosome


  digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
• Mitochondrion


  organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
• Peroxisome


  organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water
• Cytoskeleton


  reinforces cell shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein.Includes:- Microfilaments: thickest- Intermediate filaments: middle range- Microtubules: thinnest actin filaments- Microvilli: Projections that increase the cell's surface area
• Centrosome


  region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles
• Flagellum

  motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane
• Animal Cell


  to be put
• Cytoplasm


  The interioir of either type of cells. In eukaryotic cells this refers to the region betweenthe nuleus and plasma membrane.
• Ribosomes


  Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes. made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins and carry out protein sytnhesis. They are not memrbane bounded thus are not considered organelles.
• Chromosome


  Carries genes in the form of DNA
• Cytosol


  A semifluid, jellylike substance, in which subcellular components are suspended,
• Plasma membrane


  Also known as cell membrane, functions as a a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell. Consist of bilayer phospholipids with proteins embedded in it.
• Features shared by all cells

  Plasma membrane or cell membrane, Cytosol, Chromosomes, Ribosomes.
• prokaryotic cell


  the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed, called the nucleoid. means "before nucleus"
• Eukaryotic cell


  Most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus bounded by a double membrane. means "true nucleus"
• Protist


  an informal term referring to a group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
• Organisms of eukaryotic cells

  Protists, fungi, animals, and plants.
• organisms of prokaryotic cells

  Bacteria and Archaea
• Two distinct types of cells

  Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
• Cells


  Basic Structural functional units of every organism
• nuclear pores


  points at which the double nuclear membrane fuses together forming a passageway between the inside of the nucleus and the cytoplasm outside the nucleus; allow the cell to selectively move molecules in and out of the nucleus
• nuclear membrane


  boundary between the nucleus and the cytoplasm; double membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through the nuclear pores
• nucleolus


  rounded area within the nucleus of the cell where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and then incorporated into ribosomes after exiting the nucleus; there may be several within a nucleus
• nucleus


  organelle surrounded by two lipid bilayer membranes; contains chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, and a nucleolus
• endosymbiont hypothesis


  the concept that mitochondria are an evolved form of a primitive bacteria (prokaryote) that lived in a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells more than 2 billion years ago; explains why mitochondria have own DNA/RNA/ribosomes and are such an integral part of eukaryotic cells
• mitochondria


  centers of cellular respiration; more numerous in cells that require more energy (muscle/liver); self-replicating and contain own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes; double membrane - inside = cristae where cellular respiration takes place
• lysosomes


  membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down unused material, damaged organelles, or materials absorbed by the cell for use
• secretory vesicles

  packets of material packaged by ER or Golgi apparatus that fuse with the cell membrane and allow the materials to escape through exocytosis
• Golgi apparatus


  instrumental in storing, packaging, and shipping of proteins via the ER to the part of the cell where they will be used or to the cell membrane to be excreted