module 2 lecture

• Carbon can be found in the atmosphere or water via carbon dioxide (CO2) and within water via calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
• The carbon cycle involves the land, the ocean, and the atmosphere.
• Carbon can be sourced from burning and decaying biomass, which removes the potential for photosynthesis to occur.
• Weathering of carbonate rock releases carbon dioxide.
• Volcanic activity adds carbon dioxide to the air.
• Land organisms that respire or breathe add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
• Fossil fuel burning adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through industry and driving cars.
• Respiration of marine organisms adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
• Weathering of granite takes in carbon dioxide to allow for it to weather.
• Photosynthesis of marine organisms takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and allows marine organisms to thrive.
• Burning and decay of biomass, deforestation, and fossil fuel burning are human activities that are causing sources of carbon dioxide.
• Since the industrial revolution in the 1700s, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have risen steadily to the present day due to these activities.
• The current measure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a record 417 ppm.
• The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that is necessary for our planet to have a habitable temperature.
• Runoff is the water that flows from the land to the ocean or another body of water and will allow for the hydrologic cycle to complete
• The Keeling Curve is a graph showing the measured atmosphere of carbon dioxide measured on top of Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, with an overall rise from before 1960 to the present day.
• Condensation occurs within the atmosphere and allows for cloud formation to take place.
• Water is stored in places on earth known as reservoirs such as the oceans, smaller bodies of water, the atmosphere, underground, and ice sheets, glaciers, and icebergs.
• The oceans and sea ice comprise over 97% of the total water on earth, followed by ice caps and glaciers.
• Parts per million (PPM) is a small amount, but the importance of this gas, even in trace amounts measured by this, in our atmosphere is highlighted when looking at the greenhouse effect and the enhancement thereof due to increased carbon dioxide from human activities.
• The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allow for the re-radiated heat from the earth, in the form of infrared, to not all escape to space but to have some stay and either get re-transmitted or absorbed by gases and so on and so forth.
• Evaporation allows for water to transfer from oceans to atmosphere, being the transfer of the largest amount of water by volume in the cycle.
• The enhancement of the greenhouse effect due to greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, is a human-caused or anthropogenic situation.
• Precipitation occurs from the atmosphere to the land, including rain, snow, and hail, and will runoff or infiltrate into the soil for underground flow to the oceans
• The hydrologic cycle is fueled by solar energy and involves water in its different phases being exchanged between reservoirs through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
• Evaporation is the phase change of water from liquid to gas. Latent heat is absorbed, molecular kinetic energy will increase, and hydrogen bonds among molecules will be broken.
• Condensation is the phase change from gas to liquid. Latent heat is released, molecular kinetic energy will decrease, and hydrogen bonds among molecules will be made.
• Deposition is when water changes phase from gas to solid.
• The evaporation of sea water from the sea surface allows for atmospheric water vapor to increase and eventually become liquid and condense into clouds.
• Freezing is the phase change from liquid to solid. Latent heat is released, molecular kinetic energy will decrease, and hydrogen bonds among molecules will be made.
• Melting is the phase change from solid to liquid. Latent heat is absorbed, molecular kinetic energy will increase, and hydrogen bonds among molecules will be broken.
• Sublimation is when water changes phase from solid to gas.
• What does the Keeling Curve most directly tell us?

  Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have steadily increased to record levels currently. 
• What is the keeling curve?

  Measured atmospheric CO2 on top of Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii
• Anthropogenic carbon sources include biomass burning and burning of fossil fuels.
• Natural sources of carbon include weathering of carbonate rock, volcanic activity, respiration by land and marine organisms, and burning of fossil fuels
• Carbon sinks include photosynthesis by vegetation and marine organisms, weathering of granite, dissolving of carbon dioxide in water and deposition of carbonate sediments. 
• Carbon dioxide ENTERING the atmosphere will be known as a source. Carbon dioxide LEAVING the atmosphere will be known as a sink.