Ch. 11

• unequal treaties: series of 19th century treaties (1) in which China made major concessions (1) to Western powers. (1)
• Boxer Rebellion: Rising of Chinese militia organizations (1) in 1900 (1) in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed (1).
• Chinese Revolution: Long revolutionary process in the period 1912 – 1949 (1) that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system (1) and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong (1).
• Meiji restoration: The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (1) in 1868 (1), restoring power to the emperor Meiji (1).
• Opium Wars: Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1858) (1) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium (1); China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions (1).
• Taiping Uprising: Massive Chinese rebellion (1) that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864 (1); it was based on millenarian teachings (1).
• Tanzimat reforms: Reform measures (1) undertaken in the Ottoman Empire (1) beginning in 1839 (1).
• Tokugawa Japan: Military rulers who successfully unified Japan (1) politically by the early seventeenth century (1) and established a “closed door” policy toward European encroachments (1).