Cell Biology

• What are prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Smaller and simpler
• What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?

  1-5 μm
• What type of genetic material do prokaryotic cells have?

  DNA in a single circular chromosome
• How do prokaryotic cells divide?

  Binary fission
• What are eukaryotic cells characterized by?

  Presence of a nucleus and organelles
• What is absent in prokaryotic cells?

  Nucleus
• How is genetic material organized in eukaryotic cells?

  Into chromosomes
• How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in terms of genetic material?

  Eukaryotic cells have DNA in chromosomes
• What size are the ribosomes in prokaryotes?

  Small
• What kind of structure do prokaryotes have?

  Simple structure
• Which organelles are found in eukaryotic cells?

  Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
• In which organisms are eukaryotic cells found?

  Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in size?

  Prokaryotes are small, eukaryotes are large
• What size are eukaryotes?

  Large size
• What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?

  • Membrane-bound organelles present
  • DNA organized into chromosomes
  • Cell division occurs via mitosis and meiosis
• What type of organelles do prokaryotic cells lack?

  No membrane-bound organelles
• What features are shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Contain DNA
  • Contain ribosomes
  • Have a cell membrane
  • Contain cytoplasm
• What substances can be found in the cell wall of eukaryotes?

  Chitin or cellulose
• How do the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells relate to their functions?

  • Prokaryotes' simple structure allows for rapid reproduction and adaptation to diverse environments.
  • Eukaryotes' complex structure with membrane-bound organelles enables compartmentalization of functions, leading to higher efficiency and complexity.
• What is the structural difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  Prokaryotes are simple, eukaryotes are complex
• What type of cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells?

  Mitosis and meiosis
• What are the 8 stages of meiosis?

  1. Prophase I
  2. Metaphase I
  3. Anaphase I
  4. Telophase I
  5. Prophase II
  6. Metaphase II
  7. Anaphase II
  8. Telophase II
• What kind of structure do eukaryotes have?

  Complex structure
• What is the size range of eukaryotic cells?

  10-100 μm
• What size are the ribosomes in eukaryotes?

  Large
• What is the basic structure of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

  DNA double helix
• What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?

  • Smaller size (1-5 μm)
  • Absent nucleus
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA in a single circular chromosome
  • Cell division by binary fission
• What is the difference in organelle presence between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  Prokaryotes have none; eukaryotes have several
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotes: simple structure, no prominent nucleus, small size, peptidoglycan in cell wall, small ribosomes, unicellular, no organelles.
  • Eukaryotes: complex structure, prominent nucleus, large size, chitin or cellulose in cell wall, large ribosomes, unicellular or multicellular, membrane-bounded organelles.
• What is the purpose of meiosis?

  • Sexual reproduction
  • Produces 4 haploid daughter cells
  • Chromosome number is halved in each daughter cell
  • Genetic variation increased
• What are the key differences and similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  Differences:

  • Prokaryotes: Small (1-5 μm), simple structure, no organelles
  • Eukaryotes: Large (10-100 μm), complex structure, membrane-bound organelles

  
  

  Similarities:

  • Both have DNA
  • Both have ribosomes
• What is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes?

  Absent
• How do membrane-bound organelles enhance cellular activities in eukaryotic cells?

  They increase efficiency and complexity of functions
• In which type of cell does mitosis occur?

  Somatic cells
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  • Cell division
  • Produces 2 diploid daughter cells
  • Chromosome number remains the same
  • Genetic variation doesn't change
• Where is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?

  In the nucleus
• How does the genetic variation change in the daughter cells produced by mitosis compared to meiosis?

  Genetic variation doesn't change in mitosis, but increases in meiosis
• How many stages are there in total for mitosis?

  4
• How does the chromosome number change in the daughter cells produced by mitosis compared to meiosis?

  In mitosis, the chromosome number remains the same, while in meiosis it is halved in each daughter cell
• If you wanted to observe the detailed structure of a eukaryotic chromosome, which microscope would you use?

  Electron microscope