Biology bioenergetics and plants

• Photosynthesis uses energy to change Carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
• Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
• Energy is transferred to the chloroplasts from the environment by light
• Photosynthesis is endothermic
• The word equation is carbon dioxide+water-glucose+oxygen
• Plant use glucose for respiration. This transfers energy from glucose which enables the plant to convert the rest of the glucose into useful substtances
• Glucose is used to make cellulose to make strong plant cell walls.
• Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are made into proteins
• Glucose is turned into lipids which is stored as oils or fats in seeds
• Glucose is turned into starch and stored in the roots, stems and leaves for when photosynthesis isn’t happening
• Starch is better for storing than glucose because it is insoluble
• A cell that has lots of glucose would draw in lots of water and swell up
• Light intensity, CO2 concentration, Temperature and volume of chlorophyll are limiting factors of photosynthesis
• Limiting factors stop the rate of Photosynthesis increasing
• At night light is the limiting factor
• The amount of chlorophyll in a plant can be affected by disease
• Environmental factors can cause the chloroplasts to become damaged . The rate of photosynthesis is reduced as there aren’t enough chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis
• Too little Carbon Dioxide slows down the rate of photosynthesis
• If the plant gets too hot the enzymes begin to denature. Enzymes are denatured at 45 degrees.
• The rate the pondweed produces oxygen is the rate the pondweed is photosynthesising
• The faster the oxygen production the faster the rate of photosynthesis
• As the distance between the light and pondweed increases, the light intensity decreases. Light intensity and distance are inversely proportional
• light intensity equation= 1/d^2
• A greenhouse is designed to artificially create a good environment for photosynthesis
• Greenhouse gases help to trap the Sun’s heat to make sure temperature doesn’t become a limiting factor
• Farmers use artificial light after the Sun goes down to increase the rate of photosynthesis
• Farmers use paraffin heaters to keep the greenhouses warm in winter.
• As the paraffin heater burns carbon dioxide is produced as a by product
• Respiration is the transferring of energy from the breakdown of glucose
• all living things respire
• Respiration transfers energy to build larger molecules from smaller one e.g. amino acids
• Respiration releases energy for muscles to contract
• Respiration releases energy to keep mammal body temperatures steady in the winter
• Chemical reactions are controlled by enzymes
• Small glucose molecules are joined together to form cellulose, glycogen and starch
• Lipid molecules are made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
• Protein is broken down in a reaction to make urea
• metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
• Aerobic respiration is respiration using oxygen
• Aerobic respiration transfers a lot of energy from glucose