URINARY

• Indication of urinary tract infection (assessment)?

  mild abdominal pain

  slowly increasing edema

  low grade fever
• UTI is commonly caused by what bacteria?

  Escherichia coli
• tx for uti?

  nitrofurantoin

  cephalexin

  fosfomycin
• Inflammation and infection of the bladder?


  cystitis
• Inflammation and infection of the urethra?


  urethritis
• Inflammation and infection of the kidneys?


  pyelonephritis
• For children with multiple recurrent UTIs, a repeat clean-catch urine sample after approximately 7 days of antibiotic dosing may be needed as a test of cure to confirm eradication of the bacterial infection.
• Refers to retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters?

  vesicoureteral reflux
• present from birth due to a congenital anomaly in the valve mechanism?

  primary reflux
• developing later in life due to factors like urinary tract infections causing scarring and dysfunction of the valve?

  secondary reflux
• NI for VUR?

  place client in comfortable movement

  administer antispasmodic

  demonstrate distraction techniques on a child
• diagnostic tests for VUR?

  ct scan

  vcug

  cystography
• Is the enlargement of the pelvis of the kidney with urine as a result of back pressure in the ureter?

  HYDRONEPHROSIS
• it occurs most often in the first 6 months of life and is often diagnosed by ultrasound during intrauterine life?

  hydronephrosis
• hydronephrosis diagnostic test?

  prenatal ultrasound

  physical examination

  imaging tests
• is the involuntary passage of urine past the age when a child should be expected to have attained bladder control?

  enuresis
• is a common childhood problem. Most children outgrow this problem by the time they become teens?

  enuresis
• tx for enuresis?

  desmopressin
• implies that large, fluid-filled cysts have formed in place of normal kidney tissue?

  polycystic kidney
• the most frequent type of polycystic kidney seen in children is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. a rarer form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
• diagnostic test for polycystic kidney?

  sonogram
• tx for polycystic kidney?

  renal transplantation

  surgical removal
• is a type of kidney disease where these coils become inflamed. This makes it hard for the kidneys to filter the blood?

  glomerulonephritis
• causes of glomerulonephritis?

  streptococcal infections

  tonsillitis

  impetigo
• s/s of glomerulonephritis?

  hematuria

  pyuria

  oliguria
• tx for glomerulonephritis?

  administer penicillin

  monitor urine output

  monitor blood pressure
• diagnostic test for glomerulonephritis?

  cbc

  urinalysis

  renal ultrasound
• Progressive chronic glomerulonephritis inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive disorder, often accompanied by hearing loss and ocular changes?

  alport syndrome
• alport syndrome is inherited thru the father
• is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. The kidneys contain many coils of tiny blood vessels. Each of these is called a glomerulus, Glomeruli filter substances from the blood into the urine. Nephrotic syndrome occurs when the glomeruli stop working normally?

  nephrotic syndrome
• risk factors for Nephrotic syndrome?

  poor nutrition

  growth decline

  increased risk of clotting
• tx for Nephrotic syndrome?

  balance diet with protein intake

  fluid intake

  educate parents on monitoring I&O
• diagnostic test for Nephrotic syndrome?

  CBC

  ESR

  urinalysis
• necrotism is a rare autoimmune disease affecting children, causing renal disease as a secondary complication. It manifests as urinary abnormalities or glomerulonephritis?

  henoch - schonlein syndrome
• causes complement deposits in the kidney glomerulus, leading to acute or chronic glomerulonephritis in some children. ESRD occurs in 10% to 15% of patients with childhood SLE. Therapy with corticosteroids or toxic agents may prevent renal destruction?

  systemic lupus erythematosus
• s short-term or permanent damage to the kidneys that results in loss of normal kidney function?

  renal failure
• 2 kinds of kidney disease/renal failure?

  acute

  chronic
• this type of kidney disease starts suddenly. In some cases, it may be reversed and the kidneys can work normally again?

  acute kidney disease
• this type of kidney disease gets worse slowly over at least 3 months. It can lead to permanent kidney failure?

  chronic kidney disease
• causes of kidney disease?

  severe dehydration

  hemorrhage

  sever diarrhea