sport psychology

• Optimal arousal is important for peak performance in sports.
• Basic skills


  Low level of cognitive effort and little decision making required
• Complex skills


  High level of cognitive effort and lots of decision making
• Open skill


  Skills influenced by the sporting environment
• Closed skill


  Skills in a predictable environment, few decisions need to be made
• Self paced skill


  When and how fast you perform the skill is not influenced by the environment before the execution
• Externally paced skill


  When and how fast you perform the skill is influenced by external factors
• Fine skills


  Small, fine, delicate muscle movements
• Gross skill


  Large movements involving large muscles/muscle groups
• Skill definition


  Skills are developed from ability after practice
• Abilities


  A genetic trait that impacts how easily a skill can be done. usually a component of fitness
• Outcome goals


  Aiming for a win. compared to others
• Performance goals


  Aiming to beat your personal best. competing against yourself
• SMART TARGETS - definition


  Specific- goals are clear and relevant

  Measurable- can be tracked with data

  Agreed- accepted as a good target with coach

  Realistic- goal can be achieved within your ability

  Time-bound- clearly defined with a time/ deadline
• Outline the different parts of the information processing model

  Input-decision making-output-feedback
• Explain the different stages of the information processing model

  INPUT- performer takes in information from the surroundings

  DECISION MAKING- performer decides what skill/how to perform a skill

  OUTPUT- the performer completes the skill decided in the decision making stage

  FEEDBACK- performer receives feedback on how successful the skill was, influences the decision making stage. can be intrinsic or extrinsic
• Feedback


  information to help avoid error
• Positive feedback


  Encouragement
• Negative feedback


  Error correction through criticism
• Extrinsic feedback


  From an outside source
• Intrinsic feedback


  Information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement through the kinaesthetic senses
• Knowledge of results


  external feedback on performance after completing a movement/skill
• Knowledge of performance


  Provides information about the quality of the movement concerns technique
• Feedback Acronym


  NIPPER

  
  

  Negative

  Intrinsic

  Positive

  knowledge of Performance

  Extrinsic

  knowledge of Results
• Different types of guidance


  Visual

  Verbal

  Manual

  Mechanical
• Visual guidance


  guidance through demonstration or showing the performer
• Verbal guidance


  Guidance that is provided by another person speaking to you.
• Manual guidance


  Physically moving the performer
• Mechanical guidance


  Using mechanical aids to assist a performer
• Visual guidance advantages


  - Creates a mental image that can be used as reference for future practise

  - Shown from different angles

  - Cognitive learners

  - Used to highlight specific weakness

  - Creates a mental image
• Visual guidance disadvantages


  - Needs to be completely accurate

  - Time consuming

  - Doesn't add to muscle memory
• Verbal guidance advantages


  useful for higher level

  good way to highlight key teaching parts
• Verbal guidance disadvantages


  Long or complicated instructions are hard to take in This can be a particular problem for beginners taking in a lot of new information at once.

  
  

  Some movements cannot be accurately explained using words.
• Manual guidance advantages


  - Helps to eliminate danger

  - Builds confidence

  - Fear and anxiety reduced

  - Breaks movement up into sections

  -Builds muscle memory
• Manual guidance disadvantages


  - Can have a negative effect on performance if overused

  - Too much reliance on support can reduce adaptability to different environments

  - Can interfere with the feel of the task

  - Close proximity can be off-putting
• Mechanical guidance advantages


  - Builds confidence and ensures safety
• Mechanical guidance disadvantages


  • A learner might be unable to perform the skill without the help of the equipment

  • Difficult to use in large groups
• direct aggression


  -An aggressive act which involves PHYSICAL CONTACT with others

  -Isn't necessarily against the rules of the game
• indirect aggression


  Aggression taken out on an object to gain an advantage, such as hitting a ball harder in tennis
• Arousal


  An energised state of readiness before performing a task