CH7A: Functional Groups

• Carbon is the backbone of life.
• What living molecules distinguish living matter?

  Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids
• What do the macromolecules all have in common?

  They are all composed of carbon.
• The functional groups of carbon are denoted by R. They impact molecular shape, and give the molecule its functional property. It is involved in chemical reactions too.
• The functional groups in hydrocarbon substitute for the hydrogen.
• Macromolecules are comprised of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur (CHONPS).
• Hydroxyl is a functional group denoted by -OH. The compounds it is associated with are alcohols, like ethanol. It is associated with macromolecules carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
• The functional group pictured is carbonyl.

  
• Carbonyl is a functional group associated with aldehyde and ketone compounds, such as acetone and propanal. They are associated with the protein macromolecule.
• The functional group pictured is carboxyl.

  
• Carboxyl is a functional group associated with carboxylic and organic acids. This includes acetic acid. It can donate H+ ions as an acid because it has a polar covalent bond between H and O.
• What are carboxylate ions?

  They are ionized cells with a 1- charge and carboxyl group.
• What are the sugar forms of aldehydes and ketones?

  Aldoses and ketoses.
• How can hydroxyl dissolve organic compounds?

  Its polarity allows it to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, giving it the ability to dissolve.
• Carboxyl is associated with amino and fatty acid macromolecules.
• The functional group pictured is amino.

  
• Amino is a functional group associated with the protein macromolecule. It is associated with amine compounds, such as glycine.
• Amino acts like a base and accepts H+ ions. It is found in ionized cells with a charge of 1+.
• The functional group pictured is phosphate.

  
• Phosphate is a functional group associated with phospholipids and nucleic acid macromolecules. It is associated with organic phosphate compounds, such as glycerol phosphate.
• Phosphate in molecules gives them the potential to react with water to create energy.
• Phosphate contributes a negative charge to whatever it's apart of; a charge of 2- if it's in the end and 1- if it's internal.