NURSING PERIODS

• 1. Ancient Civilization

  • Experimentation with herbs and plants
  • Nurses acts as a domestic servant
  • Illness are attributed to evil spirits
  • Men uses black and white magic
• ancient civilization

  1. Herodotus - greek;father of history
• 1. Egyptian Civilization (CA 3000 BC)

  • Practice prophylaxis  by medicine man and high priest
  • Emphasis on personal hygiene, cleanliness within and outside the body
  • Sanitation measures and mummification
  • Recognized 250 diseases, developed drugs and neurosurgery (480 BC)
• EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

  1. Hammurabi - first king of babylonian empire
• 1. Hebrews (CA 1400 BC)

  • Founder of public hygiene
  • Moses - father of sanitation
  • Mosaic health code - every aspect of hygiene
• HEBREWS DISCOVERED PERSONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

  1. Personal hygiene 

  • Rest
  • Sleep
  • Hours of work
  • cleanliness
• 1. Ancient greeks 
  2. Asclepius - god of medicine and healing

  • Represents the healing aspect of medical arts
• ANCIENT GREEKS

  1. hippocrates - father of medicine

  • Relationship between physical and mental health
  • A healthy mind dwells in a healthy body
  • Treat patient as a whole
  • Change magic medicine to science medicine
  • Eyes and ears 
  • Hippocrates oath
• 1. Early christian period

  • She expressed succor to orphans, poor, travelers and the sick. 
• EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD

  1. Fabiola - matron  of rank

  • Influenced st. jerome
  • Gave up all earthly pleasures and devoted herself to christianity.
  • Gave her large sums to churches
  • Interest was centered on the needs of the church.

  1. Hotel Dieu of Beaune - old hospital in France established in the medieval era.

  • Oldest existing hospital
• 1. Middle ages (1100 - 1300)

  • Charitable institutions (aged, poor, and sick people)
  • Nursing was either done by charitable institutions or poor who works for the rich
  • Nuns and sisters
  • Does not require formal training
  • Hospitals were built
  • 1244 - 1900 hospitals in western europe (leprosy)
• MIDDLE AGES

  1. Crusades - christian military recapturing the holy land of muslims.
  2. Types of organization
• MIDDLE AGES

  Military order

  • Knight hospitallers- men who went to battle then retired to be a nurse
• MIDDLE AGES

  eligious order

  • Managed by clergy. Throughout the dark middle ages, hospitals and nursing system is connected by religious bodies
  • Male and female monastic orders
  • Nurses wore regular clothes
  • Care of sick - done by volunteers (St. Catherine of Siena), her lamp represented the sick of Siena
  • Sisters wore  from white robe to white hood
• MIDDLE ERA

  secular order

  • Third order of st. Francis de Asisi
  • Enhancing the lives of their friends, neighbors, and community
  • Caring for the sick is the most important activities done by both male and female nurses
  • Caring is still humane and caring even if there is a lack of knowledge.
• 1. Renaissance Period (A.D. 1400 - 1550)

  • Arts and science emerged
  • Society was filled with thieves
  • Care of the sick was entrusted to criminals
  • Caretakers were not given humane facilities like food and quarters
  • Hospitals were for the weak, aged, and contagious.
  • Fee was started to charge patients
  • Bubonic plague epidemic - killed 23% - 50% of europe’s population 
• RENAISSANCE PERIOD

  1. Thomas Sydenham - founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology

  • English hippocrates
  • First person to set example for clinical methodology
  • Doctor must rely on his own observation
  • Practiced common sense medicine
• 1. Industrial revolution (1700-1800)

  • beginning of capitalism of the government (protected by the law)
  • More equitable lifestyle for people
  • Oppression of women
• 1. 20th century, Machine age

  • Increased poverty
  • Development of other nursing services aside from hospital services (private duty, public health, school, government, and maternal health.
• 20th CENTURY, MACHINE AGE

  1. Age of specialization - college and post graduate
  2. Standards are set - 1913 - 1937
  3. World war 1 - nurses were assisted by the national red cross.
  4. The great depression - October 29, 1929 (Black Friday) Financial crisis – unemployed nurses Military Nurses
• 1. Period of Contemporary Nursing

  • Includes scientific and technological advancements (1946)

  1. World Health Organization - by united nations to assists in fighting disease by providing health information 
  2. Trends 
  3. Scientific and technological research

  b. Atomic energy

  c. sophisticated equipment

  d. Advent of space

  1. Colonel Pearl E. Tucker - aerospace nursing

  • Technological efficiency has relieved nurses from numerous tasks
  • Nurses assumes responsibility for patient care that is formerly prerogativ
• PERIOD OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING

  1. Regional influences 
  2. Theodor Fliedner - revived the churched order of Deaconesses.

  • Deaconesses of kaiserworth - formerly trained 

  1. Father Basil Moreau - founded nursing sisters of holy cross
  2. Father Sorin - brought four sisters in south bend indiana.
• WAR PERIOD

  1. American Civil War (1861 - 1865)

  • Women played major roles for nursing and sanitation. It paved the way for their entry in nursing profession
• 1. World war 1 (1914 - 1918)

  • Army nurses
  • Decisive and quick thinking
  • Physical strength and high level of efficiency
  • At risk of contracting contagious disease
• 1. World war 2 (1939 - 1945)

  • Casualties created a shortage of caregiver
  • Cadet nurse corps was established in response to the shortage
  • Practical nurses, aides, and technicians provided much of actual nursing care under the instruction and supervision of better prepared nurses. 
  • Medical specialties also arose at that time to meet the needs of hospitalized clients.
• 1. Period of Intuitive nursing (primitive era)

  • Practiced since prehistoric times among primitive people
  • Lasted until christian era
  • Nursing is untaught and distinctive
• 1. Belief and practices of prehistoric man

  • Nursing belongs to a woman
  • Illness was caused by evil spirits
  • Believed in shaman or medicine man (witch doctor)
  • Trephening - drilling a hole in the skull
• 1. Hammurabi’s code - one of the first written codes
• Xenodochium - house for the sick

  Imhotep - god of healing and medicine, second king of egypt, architect of the step pyramid in saqqara memphis.
• 1. Environmental Sanitation 

  • Methods of dispose
  • Detecting and reporting diseases
  • Practice of isolation
  • Inspection of food
  • Detailed instruction of hand washing
• 1. Hygeia - daughter of asclepius

  • Goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation… moon
  • Prevention of sickness and continuation of good health
• 1. Panacea - daughter of Asclepius and granddaughter of apollo

  • Have potion to heal sick
• 1. refugees for sick

  • Secular - directed by physicians (spas and resorts)
  • Religious - sanctuaries of god
  • Attendants - wear basket bearers and look after the sick.
• 1. Romans - contributed to sanitation (aqueducts and purification of water supply)

  • Appointing medical officers
  • Hospitals were emphasized both preventive and curative.
• 1. Deaconesses - visited the sick
• 1. Phoebe - a friend of st. paul and the first deaconess
• 1. Order of deaconesses - organized visiting of the sick

  • Forerunner of chn
  • Corporal works of mercy (feed the hungry, caring of the sick, burying the dead)
• MIDDLE AGES

  1. Parabolani - a group of men started a hospital providing nursing care during the black plague epidemic.
• • Knight of saint john - christian organization that began in amalfitan hospital in jerusalem 
• • St. John of God and st. Camillus de Lellis - two patron saints that were soldiers then became nurses.