Bio 112 Chapter 22

• Natural selection is a process that causes adaptive evolution
• Evolution by natural selection is how populations have come to adapt to their environment
• Evolution by natural selection was formulated by Darwin and Wallace
• Scientific theories are comprised of two components: Pattern and Process
• Plato was a typological thinker
• Aristotle was a typological and scale of nature thinker
• Lamarck was a change through time and scale of nature thinker
• Darwin and Wallace were change through time and common ancestry thinkers
• Typological thinking is when every organism is perfect and created by God
• Scale of nature is based on increasing size and complexity
• Change through time is when organisms evolve by moving up chain overtime
• Inheritance of acquired characters is when giraffes develop long necks from stretching to reach food (false!)
• Descent with modification produces modern, modified species from ancestral species.
• Pattern of natural selection is 1. species change through time, 2. species are related by common ancestry.
• Geological time scale is based on fossils relative positions in layers of sedimentary rock
• Radiometric data indicates that earth is about 4.6 billion years old
• Evidence 2 of natural selection is that extinction changes species present over time
• Evidence 3 of natural selection is that transitional features link older and younger species
• Law of succession is when fossils are similar to living species in the same geographic areas.
• Transitional features are traits in fossil species that are from derived species
• Evidence 4 of natural selection is that vestigial traits are evidence of change through time
• Vestigial trait is a reduced or incompletely developed structure in an organism that has no function
• Evidence 5 of natural selection is that species can be observed changing today.
• Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics
• Evidence 6 of natural selection is that similar species are found in the same geographic area
• Phylogenetic tree is a diagram that illustrates ancestor -descendant relationships among taxa
• Evidence 7 of natural selection is that related species share homologies.
• Homology is the similarity that exists in species descended from common ancestor
• Homology can be recognized by 1. Genetic, 2. Developmental, 3. structural factors
• Genetic homology is the similarity in DNA nucleotide sequences
• Developmental homology is the similarity in developmental structures
• Structural homology is the similarity in adult morphology
• Evidence 8 of natural selection is the formation of new species from preexisting species can be observed today
• Speciation is the process that results in one species splitting into 2 or more descendant species
• Darwins inspiration is artificial selectiohn
• Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain heritable traits produce more offspring than those without them.
• Acclimation occurs when individual organism experiences a change in its phenotype in response to an environmental stressor.
• Adaption occurs when a population experiences a change in genotype
• Acclimatization is when organisms phenotype changes in response to changes in the environment.
• Fitness trade off is a compromise between traits, in terms of how those traits perform in the environment.