Emergence and Evolution of Modern Sport

• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century:Class

  Sport is still associated with those who are perceived to be of a certain social class.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century:Class

  Traditionally, football was played and watched by the working classes, but it is now much more mixed. Middle classes are now likely to state that they are football fans.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century:Class

  Tennis, golf and polo are still associated with the upper/middle classes because of the expense and social elitism associated with joining such clubs.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century:Class

  Elite Olympic sport has a disproportionate number of privately educated and, therefore more middle class athletes.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century:Class

  Sport participationof over 16 years old is greater among higher socio-economic groups.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century:Class

  Social mobility can be achieved through sports.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Amatuerism and Professionalism

  Social class is a factor in whether someone is likely to be an amateur or a professional in sport.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Amatuerism and Professionalism

  Amateurs in cricket and rugby have traditionally been middle class.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Amatuerism and Professionalism

  Professionals in football have traditionally been working class.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Amatuerism and Professionalism

  Rugby now consists of a broad range of professionals from all backgrounds.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Gender

  More men than women still participate in or watch sport.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Gender

  Sport is still regarded by some as 'unfeminine', reinforcing male dominance in sport and sports coverage.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Gender

  Certain activities are traditionally linked to males (team sports) and females (dance).
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Gender

  More women than ever are now involved in physical exercise and there is more interest in health and fitness activities.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Gender

  Participation rates of women in football and rugby are continuing to grow.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Gender

  There is an increased number of femal sports presenters, encouraging interest and female role models.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Law and Order

  Legislation that affects sport is sophisticated and specific to sport.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Law and Order

  The rights of athletes and spectators and their safety are now protected by law.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Law and Order

  The law has also been used increasingly to protect or to litigate against officials and referees.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Law and Order

  Banning orders have been used in football to stop disruptive fans from travelling abroad.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Law and Order

  The law has been involved in the misuse of drugs, misconduct on and off the field and match fixing.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Law and Order

  Laws to prevent discrimination based on race, gender, disability, age, sexual orientation and religion exist in the UK, and these have had an impact on sport.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Education

  Children between the ages of 5 and 16 must receive an education.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Education

  Examinations and qualifications in physical education and sport, including sports science, have increased in availability in the twenty-first century.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Education

  GCE A Level, GCSE, Cambridge National, BTECs and Cambridge Technical qualification are available in PE/Sport.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Education

  Universities offer a wide range of PE/Sport-related degrees.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Availability of time, money and transport

  Society has become much more technological, increasing time available.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Availability of time, money and transport

  Flexible working conditions increase time available.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Availability of time, money and transport

  Most people are better off, although a substantial number of people struggle to make ends meet.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Availability of time, money and transport

  The global recession has affected disposable income; less money is being spent on sport exercise, and participation rates are down since 2012.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Availability of time, money and transport

  The availability of transport has increased; access to cars, buses, trains and cheap air fares have increased sport participation and spectatorship.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport

  International sport is a big business, with massive investment involved as well as the reputations of countries and international companies. It has been affected by the following key factors: freedom of movement for performers; greater exposure of people to sport; and media coverage.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Freedom of movement for performers and greater exposure of people to sport:

  Sport is a global marketplace for participants to demand high wages for their skills.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Freedom of movement for performers and greater exposure of people to sport:

  National and international laws allow freedom of movement (particularly in the EU)
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Freedom of movement for performers and greater exposure of people to sport:

  Some performers change nationality (athletics).
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Freedom of movement for performers and greater exposure of people to sport:

  Many spectators now travel to watch international competitions (Olympics); cheap air travel is available.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Media Coverage

  Increased TV coverage due to the commercial boost of the late 1990s (satellite TV) led to the globalisation of sport.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Media Coverage

  Media increased the number of people who watched televised sport - rugby league changed seasons to fit in with this.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Media Coverage

  Very little media attention has been devoted to sporting inequalities based on class, gender and ethnicity.
• How contemporary factors are shaping sport in the twenty-first century: Globalisation of sport: Media Coverage

  Rules have been influenced and timings of games are fixed to suit TV.