Valence electrons

• The valency of an element can be determined by its position on the periodic table, with elements to the left having a valency of one or two, while those to the right have higher valencies.
• Valency is defined as the combining capacity of atoms in chemical reactions.
• Atoms combine together to form molecules through covalent bonds between non-metals, ionic compounds between metals and non-metals, and metallic bonding within metal structures.
• Atoms combine together to form molecules through sharing, losing, or gaining electrons until they achieve a stable electron configuration.
• Ionic compounds are formed when metals lose electrons to non-metals, resulting in positively charged metal ions (cations) and negatively charged non-metal ions (anions).
• Covalent compounds are formed when non-metals share electrons to complete their outer shells.
• Metallic bonding occurs when positively charged metal ions are held together by delocalized sea of electrons.
• Ionic compounds result from the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, forming positive and negative ions that attract each other due to opposite charges.
• Metallic bonding occurs when positive metal ions attract delocalized electrons, forming strong electrostatic forces that hold the lattice structure together.
• Covalent compounds involve the sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms to complete their outer shells.