TEAS: A&P

• prokaryotes:

  • smaller
  • unicellular
  • NO nucleus
  • NO membrane bound organelles
  • DNA = Singular
  • divide by binary fission
• Eukaryotes:

  • BIGGER
  • multicellular
  • nucleus
  • multiple membrane bound organelles
  • DNA in Multiple Linear
  • divides by mitosis
• rough ER:

  • produces proteins
• histones: protein that enable DNA condensing
• chromosome: arrangements of DNA
• chromatin: forms chromosomes
• nucleolus: produces ribosomes
• nucleus: houses genetic material
• ribosomes: produces proteins
• mitochondria: produces ATP
• Golgi apparatus: final modification, storage, and shipping of products
• smooth ER: produces carbs/lipids
• lysosomes: contain enzymes to digest food, surplus organelles, foreign invaders, and dead cells
• respiratory system: enables breathing, and supports energy - making process
• upper respiratory system:

  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • sinuses
  • pharynx

  Nick. never. says. please
• pathway of oxygen: nose -> mouth -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
• lower respiratory system:

  • larynx
  • trachea
  • pathways to lungs
  • lungs

  Larry. took. Peter L. learning
• larynx: vocal chords
• capillaries provide surface area for external respiration
• diaphragm: flat muscle that controls breathing
• negative pressures breathing : differences In air pressure pulls air from outside the body into the lungs
• autonomic nervous system: medulla oblongata controls breathing
• vasopressin: released by respiratory system to control blood pH.
• hemoglobin: protein that binds with oxygen to remove it from body

  • increased oxygen diffusion is possible
• external respiration: exchange of CO2 and O2
• internal respiration: oxygen In the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries
• FUNCTIONS OF RS:

  • large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
  • protects respiratory surfaces/defends from pathogens
  • sound production
  • blood volume and pressure regulation by vasopressin release
• cardiovascular system: network of organs and tubes that transport blood, hormones, nutrients, oxygen, and other gases to cells and tissues
• arteries = to body
• veins = to heart
• capillaries: connect arteries to veins; form network that exchange materials between blood and cells
• blood:

  • liquid connective tissue
  • transports cell and nutrients
  • RBCs transports oxygen throughout the body
  • red color is due to iron in hemoglobin
  • Blood cells are produced in bone marrow
• white blood cells: fights diseases and maintains immune system

  • 5 types
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
• Platelets: cell fragments that are key to blood clotting
• BLOOD: 55% plasma; 45% cells; and cell parts
• arteries:

  • thicker
  • stronger
  • controls blood flow by vasoconstriction or vasodilation
• veins:

  • thinner
  • weaker
  • prevents back flow using valves
• Continuous capillaries: (COMMON); limit material passed through the blood w/ tightly packed epithelial cells
• fenestrated capillaries: openings allow free exchange of materials between blood and tissue
• sinusoidal capillaries: large openings allow proteins and blood cells through