INTELLIGENCE

• Aptitude refers to special abilities in a particular field of activity. It is a combination of characteristics that indicate an individual's capacity to acquire some specific knowledge of skill after training.
• Scores of aptitude tests are designed to indicate future performance.
• Aptitude tests are used for guidance in selecting subjects for studying in schools and colleges and for selecting the professions of a person's choice.
• An employer can use aptitude tests for selecting persons for different jobs.
• Aptitude tests can be used for the admission of candidates into various types of professional training.
• The GATB was developed by the United States Employment Service in 1962 for use in the armed services.
• The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) is a test battery used to assess aptitude.
• Achievement refers to what a person has acquired or achieved after specific training or instructions have been imparted.
• Achievement tests, also known as proficiency tests, are used to measure the extent to which the person has acquired or achieved certain information on proficiency as a function of training or instruction.
• Interest is an individual's preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others.
• The Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) is the merge form of Strong Vocational Interest Blank by Edward K. Strong and David P. Campbell in 1974.
• The Strong Campbell Interest Inventory is an interest test that can only be scored by a computer.
• Emotional intelligence is a cluster of traits or abilities relating to the emotional side of life - abilities such as recognising and managing one's own as well as other's emotions, being able to motivate oneself and restrain one's impulses, and handling interpersonal relationships effectively.
• According to John Mayer and Peter Salovey, emotional intelligence may be defined as the capacity to reason with emotions in 4 areas: perceive emotions, to integrate them into thought, to understand it and manage it.
• Emotionally intelligent people are proficient in the 4 A's: awareness, acceptance, attitudes and action.
• The steps of the process of creative thinking, as given by Graham Wallas in 1926, are preparation, incubation, illumination, evaluation and revision.
• An IQ of 130+ is indicative of very superior intelligence (gifted).
• An IQ of 120-129 is indicative of superior intelligence.
• An IQ of 110-119 is indicative of bright normal intelligence.
• An IQ of 90-109 is indicative of average intelligence.
• An IQ of 80-89 is indicative of below average intelligence.
• An IQ of 70-79 is indicative of borderline mental retardation.
• An IQ of 50-69 is indicative of mild mental retardation.
• An IQ of 35-49 is indicative of moderate mental retardation.
• An IQ of 20-34 is indicative of severe mental retardation.
• An IQ of 19 and below is indicative of profound mental retardation.
• According to Prem Pasricha (1964), the gifted child exhibits superiority in general intelligence or one who has special abilities of a high order in fields which are not necessarily associated with a high intelligence quotient.
• According to David Wechsler, Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.
• The Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence was put forth by Charles Spearman.
• The theory of Primary Mental Abilities was put forth by Louis Leon Thurstone.
• Raymond Cattell put forth the theory of Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence.
• The two-factor theory was criticised because according to Spearman, intelligence consists of only two factors, but in his theory, there are several factors (g, s1, s2, etc.). According to Spearman, each job requires a specific ability, but this was not seen in the theory because 'g' was the general ability required to perform any task. Also, s1, s2, s3 are not mutually exclusive.
• The weakest link in the group factor theory was that it discarded the concept of a common factor. it did not take Thurstone very long to realise his mistake and reveal a general factor in addition to the group factors.
• Joy Paul Guilford introduced the concept of Structure of Intellect Model.
• Joy Paul Guilford developed his structure of intellect model based on factor analytical research studies, which involved a number of intelligence tests.
• Robert Sternberg introduced the Information Processing Theory and The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
• Howard Gardner put forth the Theory of Multiple Intelligence.
• Intelligence Quotient (William Stern, 1914) is an expression of intelligence assessed through various intelligence tests.
• The concept of Mental Age was introduced by Alfred Binet.