YouTube chapter 1 guyton hall medical physiology

• Physiology is the study of the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body, making up the entire body are trillions of cells with specific functions.
• An organ is a collection of cells with the same specific function working together for one purpose.
• Every cell uses oxygen and combines it with carbohydrate, fat or protein to release energy to perform its functions.
• The human body is made up of around 60% fluid, which is within two separate compartments: intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
• The extracellular fluid contains a large amount of sodium and chloride bicarbonate ions, as well as all of the nutrients and waste products that the cell requires.
• The intracellular fluid contains a lot of potassium, magnesium and phosphate.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment for all cells to function.
• Disease is a disruption to homeostasis, which can be caused by altering the internal environment or disrupting homeostatic mechanisms.
• The body can compensate for any disruption to these homeostatic mechanisms and correct any issue, but if the compensation is too vigorous, it can disrupt other homeostatic mechanisms or other areas of the body and can be hard to distinguish the primary cause for the disruption.
• Pathophysiology is the explanation of the different physiological processes in disease and injury.
• Each positive feedback loop is within an overarching negative feedback process.
• This is an example of a delayed negative feedback loop.
• During the processing of the output, if it's determined that the output was too strong or too weak, the next time the input is received, the output will be produced differently.
• The real goal of Homeostasis is to ensure that each cell in the body can function normally.
• Adaptive control is discussed in the neurological example where if an input requires an instantaneous output, the body will instantly produce that output and then process it after the fact.
• If there's a disruption to one system, it may disrupt another system, but there are compensatory mechanisms in place to maintain Homeostasis.
• The blood clotting that's occurring is due to some blood loss.
• To stop the blood loss, which is a negative feedback loop, is to create some blood clotting.
• The extracellular fluid is constantly in motion, separated into two different compartments: the circulatory system and the interstitial fluid.
• The circulatory system is a collection of cells that work together to transport blood, which contains nutrients and waste products, to and from the organs.
• The interstitial fluid is the space between individual cells.
• The hormonal system consists of the endocrine glands which secrete hormones that get transported around the body to tell different cells to function in different ways, for example, insulin that gets released during a meal to then tell the cells to utilize or store glucose to reduce our glucose levels.
• The musculoskeletal system is a way for the body to move to collect more nutrients or excrete those wastes.
• The nervous system includes the sensory input and the central nervous system which processes all of those sensory inputs and then sends out an output to the motor system.
• The pathway between the blood vessels to the cells is a very short one, with nutrients not being able to transport straight into the interstitial fluid.
• The gastrointestinal tract absorbs the nutrients such as carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.
• The autonomic nervous system is a part of the nervous system which is the subconscious portion where organs are told what to do without us knowing that they're being told to do that, such as the gastrointestinal system moving and functioning without us knowing on a day-to-day basis.
• The immune system includes white blood cells that are able to distinguish our own cells and not attack them, and then go over and attack any foreign invading cells or bacteria or proteins.
• The respiratory system and the lungs absorb all of the oxygen.
• The body is a compartment which transports and utilizes different nutrients, excreting the waste products that are produced.
• Capillaries are a blown-up area of this region, providing all of those nutrients to these cells.
• The liver is the area where all of these nutrients are processed into more usable forms and where waste products are produced or toxic substances are broken down.
• Homeostasis is the process that controls the mechanisms of the body, including skin, cushions, and boutiques, and regulates temperature, excretion, reproduction, and sensory interface.
• Homeostatic mechanisms use negative feedback loops to maintain a normal range for components.
• Homeostatic mechanisms are controlled in various ways and kept within a narrow range.
• Homeostatic mechanisms keep various components within a fairly narrow window.
• Homeostatic mechanisms use negative feedback to maintain a normal range for components.
• Feedback loops in other organ systems try to help out if an organ becomes diseased or has a disruption to its homeostatic mechanism.
• Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a normal range for components such as carbon dioxide, blood pressure, potassium, and temperature.
• Feedback loops within an organ try to correct itself if it becomes diseased or has a disruption to its homeostatic mechanism.