Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

• Cell requirements for survival

  1. Energy sources
  2. Gas exchange
  3. Simple nutrients
  4. Waste removal
• What 4 things do all cells have?

  Ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
• What are the distinct features of prokaryotic cells?

  1. No membrane bound organelles (including nucleus)
  2. Smaller in size
  3. Circular DNA in nucleoid
  4. Unicellular
• What are distinct features of Eukaryotic cells?

  1. Have membrane bound organelles
  2. Double-helix shaped DNA found in nucleus
  3. Larger in size
  4. Multicellular
• The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration, where organic compounds are turned into ATP (energy).
• Mitochondria

  
• Chloroplasts exist only in plant cells, and contain chlorophyll, aiding with photosynthesis (which converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP)
• Chloroplast

  
• Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

  
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes, it is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids
• Lysosome

  
• Lysosomes remove waste particles from cells, and digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
• Plastids synthesise pigments, polyphenols, and tannins.
• Structure of prokaryotes

  Cell wall, no nucleus, often have protrusions on surface, circular DNA like loops in nucleoid
• Cell compartmentalisation is where microenvironments are created within the cell to develop different membrane bound organelles. It allows the simultaneous occurrence of incompatible chemical reactions by maintaining the correct conditions for specific enzymes.
• Cell specialisation is where a cell is structurally modified to become structurally and functionally distinct, so that it can produce specific enzymes and proteins.
• Cell organisation:

  Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system -> Organism