Scientific theories

• Every scientific statement is hypothetical, theoretical and some of them are lawful.
• Philosophy of psychology is a branch of philosophy of science that investigates philosophical questions that arise from reflecting on science.
• The principal tasks of philosophy of science are to analyze methods of inquiry used in science, question assumptions that scientists take for granted, and assess the justification of scientific knowledge.
• In a scientific experimentation, scientists may take for granted some results that can be different, so philosophical science focuses on why assume that things will be the same.
• A theory is a set of ideas, statements about an objectual universe.
• Heat is a substance and heat is a kind of activity in the molecules.
• Caloric and Kinetic theories are competing to explain the same phenomenon, the likelihood of each being true is not assessed on the basis of how theoretical each is.
• Being theoretical has nothing to do with the truthfulness of being tested.
• Axioms are statements which are regarded as being established, accepted or self-evidently true, they do not need to be proven, they are taken for granted.
• Logical consequence or entailment is a relationship between a set of premises and a conclusion, when the conclusion follows from the premises, it expresses a relation instead of axioms and theorems are statements.
• All men are mortal is a set of premises, Socrate is a man is a premise, Socrate is immortal is the conclusion.
• In the Aristotelian science, relationships between explanation and justification are symmetrical, they change depending on the kind of science being dealt with.
• Theories which generalize and describe kinds of things relevant to the phenomenon, are laws.
• The degree of generality of a theory is determined by the features it generalizes over and the features it can ignore.
• A law is a law once and for all, but its status regarding proof can change as the accepted theoretical description of the world changes.
• Scientific knowledge can be rejected if it is not supported by evidence, and they are not 100% sure even if they are well proven.
• Theory, hypothesis and law describe different aspects of scientific claims and are not exclusive of each other.
• Social laws are created are conventional and can be violated, while natural laws are not conventional and are imposed by nature.
• Mass, color, being unsupported, shape, being near the surface of the earth are not features that a law can ignore.
• The principle of cosmic censorship is a suggestion, not a law.
• COSMIC CENSORSHIP theory is a hypothetical, law-like theory that suggests all singularities are surrounded by event-horizons.
• Theories hypothetical laws describe different aspects of scientific claim.
• Laws support predictions, accidental generalization do not.
• Hypothetical laws are not tested and are not well established, while law-like theories are both generalizations about natural kinds and support predictions.
• The feature of being lowlife is relatively stable over time.
• A law refers to generality and the fact.
• Mathematical science and formal sciences, such as mathematics, have a symmetrical relationship between explanation and justification.
• In Aristotle's philosophy, axioms are outcomes from the intuition, they come from our rationality, and are statements that are taken for granted.
• Axioms provide explanation and also provide justification.
• In the Aristotelian model, data provides justification for the theory, but the data is explained by the laws.
• In Aristotle, axioms are already justified and no further justification is needed.
• In Galilean science, scientific knowledge can be rejected if it is not supported by evidence, and they are not 100% sure even if well proven.
• Formal science and the Aristotelian model are the same, with a symmetrical relation in mathematical science.
• The natural position of material objects such as plastic and cellphones tends to fall because they belong to the earth.
• Science aims to describe the world and explain phenomena, and to understand the compositions and to identify the underlying and unobservable causes of observable phenomena.
• Axioms provide explanation for data and provide a justification for the truthfulness of the theory.
• Empirical objects tend towards their natural position (matter -> earth) according to the axiom.
• In the Aristotelian model, the knowledge that we get is evident and can’t be rejected because we start from axioms, resulting in a symmetrical relation.
• In Galilean science, laws are capable of explaining data, but in order to justify the laws, data provides justification.
• The language of empirical theories is composed by the observative lexicon (entities that can be ascertained by observation, everything that can be seen with eyes) and the theoretical lexicon (not observable entities, cognition).