SCIENCE

• Force

  • Solids - Strong
  • Liquids - Weak
  • Gas - Negligible
• Arrangement

  • Solids - Very Close
  • Liquids - Not very close
  • Gas - Very far apart
• Movement

  • Solids - Vibrate
  • Liquids - Slide pass each other
  • Gas - move freely
• Shape

  • Solids - Definite
  • Liquids - Indefinite
  • Gas - Indefinite
• Volume

  • Solids - Definite
  • Liquids - Definite
  • Gas - Indefinite
• Fluidity and Diffusion

  • Solids - Diffuses very slowly, generally incompressible
  • Liquids - Diffuses slowly, almost incompressible
  • Gas - Diffuses easily, compressible
• Compressibility

  • Solids - generally
  • Liquids - almost
  • Gas - highly
• Matter - has mass and takes up space
• Mass - amount of matter within a sample
• Volume - amount of space occupied
• Freezing - Liquid to solid
• Melting - solid to liquid
• Sublimation - solid to gas
• deposition - gas to solid
• evaporation - liquid to gas
• condensation - gas to liquid
• Increase in Temperature and Increase in Kinetic Energy

  • Melting
  • Evaporation
  • Sublimation
• Decrease in temperature and decrease in kinetic energy

  • Deposition
  • Condensation
  • Freezing
• Atoms

  • everything around us made up of tiny particles
  • smallest unit of matter and retains identity of substance
  • consists of small heavy nucleus, surrounded by relatively large, light cloud of electrons
• 2 regions of an Atom

  1. Nucleus - the center of the atom. It contains the mass. Protons and Neutrons live in the nucleus.
  2. Electron Cloud/Electron Orbital - surrounds the nucleus. Electrons are the only one moving
• Charges

  • Protons - Positive
  • Electrons - Negative
  • Neutrons - No charge/neutral
• atoms are in stable state if number of protons and electrons are equal
• Atomic Number/Atomic #

  Protons

  Electrons

  SAME NUMBER

  A) Atomic Number
• 
  

  Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic #
• Atomic # = Mass # - Neutrons
• Atomic Notation - Alternative way of writing about the number of subatomic particles
• Johann Dobereiner (1828)

  • German Chemist
  • Classify existing elements into groups of three known as triad
• John Newland (1865)

  • English Chemist
  • Organized elements by law of octaves
• Dmitry Mendeleev

  • Russian Chemist
  • Classified elements based on physical and chemical properties
  • FATHER of MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
• Period = number of rows = energy level

  
  

  There are 7 rows in the periodic table
• groups = columns = valence electrons

  There are 18 groups in the periodic table
• Valence Electrons - are the only electrons that go through chemical bonding
• Halogens are the only elements with 7 valence electrons

  Noble gases are the only elements with 8 valence electrons

  Actinides are man made elements