anaphy (basic chem)

• Chemistry is the study of the properties and changes of matter.
• Chemistry is relevant to anatomy and physiology.
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid, or gas).
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
• Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object.
• An element is the simplest form of matter, examples include C, H, O, N, Ca, K, Na, Cl.
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element, it contains protons, electrons, and neutrons.
• Electronegativity determines the type of bond two atoms will form.
• A hydrogen bond is created when a hydrogen atom binds to an electronegative atom.
• A molecule is different from a compound in that a molecule has a specific chemical structure, while a compound does not.
• Dissociation is the process of breaking down a molecule into its component parts.
• Nucleic acids are composed of C, H, O, N, P, with examples including DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
• Amino acids contain an amine (NH2) group and carboxyl group.
• The structure of ATP is represented as a pyramid.
• Protein denaturation occurs when the hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of a protein are broken and the protein becomes nonfunctional.
• The structure of DNA is represented as a double-stranded helix.
• Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and are composed of a nitrogen base, phosphate, and 5-carbon sugar.
• ATP is often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and providing energy.
• Fatty acids and phospholipids are two types of lipids.
• Proteins are used to make skin, hair, nails, muscles, are part of the hemoglobin molecule, act as enzymes, are involved in immune system functions, and are part of the cell membrane.
• Enzymes are organic catalysts that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed without the enzyme being permanently changed.
• Enzyme action involves lowering the energy of activation.
• Proteins contain C, H, O, N, and contain 20 different naturally occurring amino acids.
• Protein folding is the process by which a protein's shape is determined.
• The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein is represented as a string of characters.
• Amino acids are not stored, so a daily supply is required.
• Molecules and compounds are formed when two or more atoms chemically combine, for example, water (H2O) and NaCl respectively.
• Intermolecular forces are weak charge attractions between separate molecules or between ions and molecules, with no exchange of electrons involved, due to attractions between oppositely charged regions of molecules, for example, hydrogen bond.
• Mass number: the number of protons and neutrons in each atom.
• Polar molecules, like water, have a positive end and a negative end, and a hydrogen bond forms when the positive end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule.
• Chemical bonds occur when outermost electrons (valence shell electrons) are transferred or shared between atoms.
• Polar covalent bonds form when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms of the bond, for example, water (H2O).
• Proton: positive charged particle located inside the nucleus.
• Types of chemical bonds include Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen.
• Dissociation occurs when ionic compounds dissolve in water, with positively charged ions being attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules and negatively charged ions being attracted to the positive ends of the water molecules.
• Chemical reactions occur when there is a formation or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds.
• Polar molecules have an asymmetrical electrical charge, while nonpolar molecules have a symmetrical electrical charge, where electrons are shared equally.
• Ionic bonding occurs when there is an attraction between two oppositely charged ions, for example, NaCl.
• Electron: negative charged particle located outside the nucleus.
• Atomic number: the number of protons in each atom.