Unit 4 Concept 3

• Diploid cells have 2 sets of full chromosomes (2n).
• Gametes are sex cells, such as egg and sperm, with a chromosome number of n = 23.
• Haploid cells have 1 full set of chromosomes (n).
• Haploid cells are only one set that is a combination of chromosomes from mom and dad.
• Autosomes carry traits that make you who you are, such as the first 22 pairs of chromosomes.
• Sex chromosomes carry traits that make you who you are and determine your biological sex, such as the 23rd pair of chromosomes (xy).
• Cells going through meiosis must divide twice in order to have 4 daughter cells.
• The purpose of meiosis 1 is the separation of homologous pairs, and the end result is 2 haploid daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes that are different from the sets in the original diploid cell.
• The purpose of meiosis 2 is the separation of sister chromatids.
• The significance of crossing over lies in it creating new gametes, which contain combinations of genes that help maximize genetic diversity.
• The end result of meiosis 1 is 2 haploid daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes that are different from the sets in the original diploid cell.
• The end result of meiosis 2 is 4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically unique.
• The purpose of meiosis is to create haploid, the result of meiosis is to create 4 haploids that are genetically unique.
• The purpose of mitosis is for growth and repair, the end result of mitosis is 2 identical diploid somatic cells.
• A mistake in mitosis could cause growth and repair not to happen, destroying the cell division process.
• Karyotype is a diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell.
• Fertilization is the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote.
• Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes pairs that have the same genes (one from mom and one from dad).
• Sister chromatids are 2 identical copies of the same chromosome.
• During Prophase 1, the nuclear membrane breaks down and centrioles separate to make spindle fibers.
• Homologous chromosomes pair up and become visible during Prophase 1.
• A tetrad forms during Prophase 1.
• A cluster of chromatids forms during Prophase 1.
• Metaphase 1 in meiosis involves the lining up of homologous chromosomes in the middle of the cell in pairs.
• Anaphase 1 in meiosis involves the separation of homologous pairs, with one chromosome (2 sister chromatids) pulled away to each side of the cell.
• Sister chromatids remain attached during Anaphase 1 in meiosis.
• Telophase 1 in meiosis involves the gathering of chromosomes at the poles and the possible reforming of the nuclear membrane.
• Cytokinesis happens during Telophase 1 in meiosis, dividing the cytoplasm into 2 cells.
• The end result of meiosis 1 is 2 haploid daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes that are different from the sets in the original diploid cell.
• During Prophase 2, the nuclear membrane breaks down (if reformed) and spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids.
• Metaphase 2 in meiosis involves the lining up of sister chromatids in the middle of the cell.
• Anaphase 2 in meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids, with each chromosome (2 sister chromatids) being pulled from each other to each side of the cells.
• Telophase 2 in meiosis involves the formation of a nuclear membrane around each chromosome and the dissolution of spindle fibers.
• Cytokinesis happens during Telophase 2 in meiosis, dividing the cytoplasm into 2 cells.
• The end result of meiosis 2 is 4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically unique.