CJS

• Criminal justice system is a system for settling disputes through the enforcement of public laws.
• Early form of settling dispute is Ordeal, a practice used to determine guilt or innocence of the accused.
• Judgement of God is a form of trial by ordeal where divine intervention is used to determine guilt or innocence of the accused.
• Trial by ordeal includes methods such as boiling water, trail by combat, trail by Eucharist, and trial by donkey.
• The blueprint of CJS today is based on the theory of logomacy.
• Crime is an act or omission in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it.
• There are three types of crime: Felony, Offense, and Infraction.
• Felony is an act or omission punishable by law which is committed by means of deceit or fault and is punishable under the Revised Penal Code - Act 3815.
• Offense is an act or omission in violation of special law (mala prohibita).
• Infraction is an act or omission in violation of a city or municipal ordinance.
• Omission is the inaction, failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do.
• Act refers to any kind of body movement that produces change in the outside world.
• Overt acts are the external act which if continued will logically result in a felony, it is the start of criminal liability because the offender has commence the commission of an offense with an overt act.
• Mala inse are acts that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values such as rape, murder, assault and robbery.
• Mala prohibita are acts that are outlawed because they class with current norms and public opinion such as tax traffic and drug laws.
• There are two types of felonies: Intentional felonies and Culpable felonies.
• Dolo (Deceit) is an element of Intentional felonies, it refers to freedom, intelligence, intent.
• Culpable felonies require Culpable, which refers to freedom, intelligence, negligence (lack of foresight) and imprudence (lack of skill).
• Consummated stage in the commission of crimes is when all elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present.
• Frustrated stage in the commission of crimes is when the offender has performed all the acts of execution that would produce the felony as a consequence, but the felony nevertheless does not produce it due to causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.
• Attempted stage in the commission of crimes is when the offender commences the commission of a crime directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous distance.