Topic 2 Anabolism of Biomolecules

• What is metabolism?


  It is a network of metabolic reactions, carried out in living cells in a well-organized, integrated and regulated manner.
• Catabolism: the breakdown of complex molecules to smaller ones
• Anabolism: process of synthesizing molecules from smaller units.
• Catabolism does not require energy
• Anabolism requires energy
• What is the importance of metabolism?

  Normal metabolism is vital for health, growth, reproduction, and good survival of human beings.
• What are the 4 main processes involved in glucose metabolism?

  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Glycolysis
  • Glycogenesis
• Gluconeogenesis is the process to produce/provide from pyruvate into glucose
• Glycogenolysis is the process to stimulate the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
• Which process(es) involved in glucose metabolism are catabolic reaction(s)?

  • Glycolysis
  • Glycogenolysis
• What is glycolysis?


  It is the process to break down the glucose to form and pyruvic acid and ATP.
• What is Glycogenesis?

  It is the process to store the glucose (simpler unit) into glycogen (stored sugar).
• What are the substrate(s) needed to genesis new glucose?

  Amino acids

  Lactate

  Glycerol

  Pyruvate
• What is/are the importance of protein?

  • cell structure and functions
  • haemoglobin formation to carry O2
  • enzyme for metabolic reaction
  • Nitorgen supply for DNA/RNA
• What are the catabolic pathways of amino acids?

  1. Deamination
  2. Transamination
  3. Decarboxylation
• What other substrates can be used to synthesize glucose?

  • Amino acids

  • Lactate

  • Glycerol

  • Pyruvate
• Net gain of ATP from glucose to pyruvate (Glycolysis)?


  2 ATP
• What is Deamination?


  Deamination is one of catabolic pathways of amino acids which involves the elimination of amino group from amino acids with ammonia formation. This process can be classified into either oxidative, reductive, hydrolytic and intramolecular processes.
• What is the importance of transamination?

  It is one of the major degradation pathways to convert essential amino acid to non-essential amino acids where the process relies on the enzyme aminotransferase.
• Name the key events in Glycolysis that involved ADP and ATP.

  
  

  Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate (ATP → ADP)

  
  

  Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (ATP → ADP)

  
  

  1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate (ADP → ATP)

  
  

  Phosphoenolpyruvate → Pyruvate (ADP → ATP)
• What is transamination?


  Transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids. It is one of the major degradation pathways which convert essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids.
• What is the enzyme that is involved in Transamination?


  Aminotransferase.
• In Lipid Metabolism, the fatty acids are firstly converted into?

  Fatty acids are firstly converted into acyl-CoA (CoA thioester) by acyl-CoA synthetase.
• How does CoA-thioester transport into the mitochondria?

  The carnitine shuttle system
• What enzyme involves in the folate conversion?

  Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
• What is the role of tetrahydrofolate in purine synthesis?

  The tetrahydrofolate serves as a carbon donor in the conversion of 5-phosphoribosylamine to IMP.
• A nucleoside is a derivative of purine or pyrimidine that possesses a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) linked to a ring nitrogen.
• A nucleotide is a nucleoside with phosphoryl group esterified to a hydroxyl group of the sugar.
• What are the two molecules produced during the oxidation of acetyl-CoA?

  
  

  NADH and FADH2.
• Name the three enzymes involved in the transportation of CoA thioester into mitochondria matrix?

  Carnitine acyltransferase 1 (CPT1) → Convert Acyl-CoA/CoA thioester into acylcarnitine

  Translocase → Transport the acylcarnitine into mitochondria matrix

  Carnitine acyltransferase 2 (CPT2)→ Convert acylcarnitine back to Acyl-CoA/CoA thioester and release carnitine