Specialisation

• Sperm are adapted with a flagellum for movement and many mitochondria for ATP
• Neutrophils have a multilobed nucleus for flexibility when navigating blood vessels, they have many lysosomes containing lysozymes for phagocytosis
• Microvilli increase surface area for absorption and secretion
• Red blood cells have no nucleus to make room for haemoglobin and a biconcave structure to increase surface area
• Pancreatic cells have lots of golgi apparatus to package and modify digestive enzymes and lots of endoplasmic reticulum
• Squamous epithelium is flat to provide a short diffusion pathway
• Columnar epithelium has microvilli to increase surface area for absorption into the bloodstream
• Ciliated epithelium have cilia to push mucus out of the airways and lots of mitochondria to provide ATP for this movement
• Liver cells have large amounts of golgi apparatus and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in order to secrete bile
• Organisms -> organs -> tissues -> cells