P1: philosophical issues + Qs

Subdecks (3)

Cards (47)

  • deductive argument: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
    If all x is y, this x must be y
  • inductive argument: the conclusion is a probability based on using what is known to speculate about what is unknown.
    All observed x is y, therefore all x is (probably) y
  • analytic propositions are propositions that are true or false by definition (based on the meaning of terms and grammatical rules)
  • synthetic propositions can't be verified by the meaning of the words; have to be tested through observation.
    some AB are C
  • necessary truths are propositions that can't be false under any circumstances (true in all possible worlds)
  • contingent propositions are propositions that have possible circumstances where they could be false. A proposition that is true, but just happens to be true - any proposition that isn't logically necessary.
  • '1 + 1 = 2' is a necessary truth
  • 'there are 20 people in this room' is a contingent proposition
  • 'a bachelor is an unmarried man' is an analytic proposition
  • argument from experience - it's only possible to experience what exists
  • inductive argument - arguments from probability
  • abductive argument: reasoning that seeks to produce a hypothesis from an observation using the simplest and most likely explanation
  • deism: the belief that God fine-tuned the universe to be right for humanity and then left it to work without interference.
  • theism: the belief that God continues to intervene in the universe.
  • Ockham’s razor - the simplest explanation is likely to be true
  • the argument from best explanation is an abductive argument
  • syllogism - an argument from the general to the specific
  • predicate : a property, quality or attribute
  • a priori: known without sense-experience – something you can work out using logic alone
  • a posteriori: known after sense-experience - empirical knowledge