deductive argument: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
If all x is y, this x must be y
inductive argument: the conclusion is a probability based on using what is known to speculate about what is unknown.
All observed x is y, therefore all x is (probably) y
analytic propositions are propositions that are true or false by definition (based on the meaning of terms and grammatical rules)
synthetic propositions can't be verified by the meaning of the words; have to be tested through observation.
some AB are C
necessary truths are propositions that can't be false under any circumstances (true in all possible worlds)
contingent propositions are propositions that have possible circumstances where they could be false. A proposition that is true, but just happens to be true - any proposition that isn't logically necessary.
'1 + 1 = 2' is a necessary truth
'there are 20 people in this room' is a contingent proposition
'a bachelor is an unmarried man' is an analytic proposition
argument from experience - it's only possible to experience what exists
inductive argument - arguments from probability
abductive argument: reasoning that seeks to produce a hypothesis from an observation using the simplest and most likely explanation
deism: the belief that God fine-tuned the universe to be right for humanity and then left it to work without interference.
theism: the belief that God continues to intervene in the universe.
Ockham’s razor - the simplest explanation is likely to be true
the argument from best explanation is an abductive argument
syllogism - an argument from the general to the specific
predicate : a property, quality or attribute
a priori: known without sense-experience – something you can work out using logic alone
a posteriori: known after sense-experience - empirical knowledge
