Aerobic Respiration

• ATP is the universal energy currency.

  It is universal as it is used as a source of energy in all cells of all organism. It is also used in all enzyme reactions in all cells

  It is an energy currency as it supplies immediate energy released as ‘small packets’. And only one enzyme is needed to hydrolyse the high energy bond (ATP hydrolase)
• An energy input of 30.6 kJ/mol is needed to synthesise ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate. It is an energonic reaction
• 1. Inner mitochondrial membrane
  2. Outer Mitochondrial membrane
  3. Inter-membrane space
  4. Organic matrix
  5. Cytoplasm (outside mitochondria)
  6. Circular DNA
  7. 70s ribosomes

  
• Oxidation is a catabolic reaction, meaning energy is released.

  Reduction is an anabolic reaction, meaning energy is taken in.
• Glycolysis

  1. Glucose
  2. Hexose bisphosphate
  3. Triose phosphate
  4. Pyruvate

  NADH: 2

  Gross ATP: 4

  Net ATP: 2

  
• Substrate-level phosphorylation - the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
• Link Reaction:

  1. Pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate
  3. Acetate
  4. Acetyl coenzyme A

  per glucose molecule:

  NADH: 2

  CO2: 2

  
• Krebs Cycle

  1. Acetyl Coenzyme
  2. Citrate
  3. a-ketoglutarate
  4. Succinate
  5. Malate
  6. Oxaloacetate

  Per glucose molecule:

  NADH: 6

  CO2: 4

  FADH: 2

  ATP: 2

  
• ETC:

  1. NADH and FADH deliver hydrogen to the inner mitochondrial membrane
  2. Hydrogen splits into protons and electrons
  3. Electrons are transferred by electron carriers across inner membrane
  4. Energy of electrons activates proton pumps
  5. Protons pumped into intermembrane space
  6. Forms an electrochemical gradient
  7. Proton travel through proton channel in stalked particle
  8. This releases chemical energy, causing ATP synthase to synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi
  9. Oxygen acts as final electron acceptor, coming with protons and electrons to from metabolic water
• Chemiosmosis - Production of an electrochemical gradient resulting in the diffusion of protons through a proton channel past ATP synthase, fueling the synthesis of ATP
• Oxidative phosphorylation - The process by which ATP is produced at the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Involves the oxidation of NADH and FADH
• 34 ATP molecules are formed from oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule, making 38 overall ATP molecules synthesised per glucose molecule