Reproduction, the genome and gene expression

• DNA is important, as it allows new proteins to be synthesised.
• Mutations in the DNA can have serious implications.
• Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not require fusion of gametes, meaning that the offspring produced through this process are genetically identical clones.
• Examples of organisms that use asexual reproduction include bacteria, fungi, and some plants.
• Asexual reproduction uses the process of mitosis, a type of cell division which produces daughter cells identical to the parent.
• Mitosis is part of the cell cycle, which involves cell growth, and the increase of the number of structures in the cell (mitochondria, ribosomes).
• DNA is important, as it allows new proteins to be synthesised.
• Mutations in the DNA can have serious implications.
• Asexual reproduction is a process where an organism produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.
• Sexual reproduction, meiosis and gamete formation involve the formation of a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms.
• Asexual reproduction is used for growth, repair to damaged tissue, and replacement of worn-out cells.
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes, meiosis, and gamete formation.
• During the process of sexual reproduction, the nuclei of the male and female gametes close, forming a sex cell (sperm in males and ova/eggs in females).
• DNA is the human genome, which is important as it allows new proteins to be synthesised.
• The sex cells are fused in order to create a zygote, a process known as fertilisation.
• The gametes in animals are sperm and eggs, while in flowering plants they are pollen and eggs.
• Asexual reproduction only requires one parent and does not require fusion of gametes, meaning that the offspring produced through this process are genetically identical clones.
• DNA is important, as it allows new proteins to be synthesised.
• The offspring produced in sexual reproduction are genetically different to each other and the parents, resulting in variation as it involves the mixing of genetic information.
• Mutations in the DNA can have serious implications.
• Asexual reproduction is a process where only one parent is needed and it is more time and energy efficient as you don't need a mate.
• In humans, each gamete has half the number of the total 46 chromosomes that the body requires.
• Fertilisation is the fusion of the nucleus.
• The cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes (haploid).
• A fertilised egg cell, which will mature into an embryo, is produced during fertilisation.
• All gametes are genetically different from each other.
• During meiosis, a cell divides to form gametes, and as it does, copies of the genetic information are made.
• The number of cells increase by mitosis, and as the embryo develops, the cells begin to differentiate (or specialise).
• When the two gametes combine, they merge the two sets of chromosomes to have 46, which are referred to as diploid.
• A male gamete (sperm in males and ova/eggs in females) with the nucleus of a female gamete is referred to as a sex cell.
• Meiosis is a process that occurs in the male and female reproductive organs.
• Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of most cells.
• The nucleus controls what happens inside the cell.
• Twenty three chromosomes within a gamete are referred to as a haploid.
• The disadvantages of asexual reproduction include it does not lead to variation in a population and the species may only be suited to one habitat.
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes during fertilisation, and it produces variation in the offspring.
• A type of organism that is the basic unit of classification is an individual of a different species that is not able to interbreed successfully.
• Humans can speed up natural selection through selective breeding, which can increase food production.
• Sexual reproduction - conception involves the fusion of gametes during fertilisation, and it produces variation in the offspring.
• The advantages of sexual reproduction include it produces variation in the offspring and can adapt to new environments due to variation, which gives them a survival advantage.