evolution

• Convergent evolution is when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.
• The goal of evolution is to understand the processes of differences within species.
• Proximate causes are immediate, mechanical causes, present day, behaviors.
• Ultimate causes are history with an emphasis on natural selection.
• Biological evolution is the inherited change in a species over the course of generations that leads to changes within the global environment.
• Descent with modification is the process on a scale of populations where populations diverge if they undergo different changes.
• Understanding of evolution has changed over time.
• Evolutionary biology is a science concerned with the origin of life and the diversification and adaptation of life forms over time.
• A scientific theory is an assertion about the existence of physical, chemical, or biological patterns or processes.
• Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution.
• Organisms have descended over time with modification from common ancestors, according to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.
• The chief cause of modification is natural selection, according to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.
• Carolus Linnaeus established the framework of modern taxonomy in Systema Naturae.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was the first to propose evolutionary change.
• Thomas Malthus stated that the rate of human population growth is greater than the rate of food production, leading to famine if it continues unchecked.
• During the Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836), Darwin noted fossils that resembled living species from the area where they were found.
• Adaptations are inherited characteristics that enhance survival in specific environments, according to Darwin’s theory of evolution.
• Adaptive Radiation is a process that starts with a single species, and based on struggle in the environment or food source, then adapts ways to survive.
• Natural Selection is the mechanism of evolution, where individuals that have traits to better suit them in the environment will survive and reproduce at higher rates.
• Descent with Modification is the concept that all organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor.
• Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution states that evolution is a characteristic of species that can change over time.
• Common Descent is the idea that species share commonality of history, diverging from common ancestors.
• Gradualism is the idea that changes are gradual or small steps through intermediate forms.
• Population change is the idea that evolutionary change occurs at the level of the population, a group of the same species.
• Natural Selection is the driving force behind evolution, the survival of the fittest.
• Phenotype refers to behavior, physical aspects, movements, and physiological mechanisms.
• Genotype refers to genetic aspects, including 23 chromosomes and a collection of genetic information passed through evolution.
• Two copies of each gene, known as alleles, are present in the genome.
• Darwin understood that phenotypes are fixed, while Lamarck believed that phenotypes change throughout the lifetime.
• Lamarck's theory is directional, goal oriented, and suggests that organisms are reaching some sort of final gen.
• Darwin's theory is not directional, does not suggest an end goal, and explains that traits are heritable and that variety in traits within populations leads to success.
• Natural selection is the process where individuals vary in their traits, traits are heritable, and variation in traits causes some individuals to experience higher fitness (survival and reproduction).
• Neo-Lamarckism is the inheritance of modifications acquired during an organism's lifetime, suggesting that phenotypes do not change within the lifetime.
• Orthogensis is a supernatural force controlling towards a fixed goal in a predetermined direction.
• Mutationist theory suggests that once there's a mutation, new species can emerge.
• Gregor Mendel's theory of hereditary variations, known as particulate inheritance, was not based on blending, but on the ones that are passed unaltered from generation to generation.
• The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, developed in 1940, came from all different hypotheses from the past and represents an understanding of evolution that is ever-growing and changing.
• The two people who independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection were Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace.
• Evolution is not a linear process, but a non-linear process with branches that hybridize after separating.
• Evolution is not goal-oriented.