Chapter 5: Speech Sound Disorders – Articulation & Phonology

• speech sound disorders (articulation and phonological) are the most common communication disorders in children
• 48% of 3 to 10 yr old have speech sound disorder
• 2.5% of 11 to 17 yr old children have speech sound disorder
• Articulation Disorder = incorrect production of speech sounds because of faulty timing, direction, pressure, etc. of articulators (usually the tongue)
• Phonological Disorder = errors of several phonemes that form patterns or clusters, resulting from child simplifying speech sounds and sound combos that are used by normal speaking adults
• GAE = General American English
• Phoneme = shortest arbitrary unit of sound in a language that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds in a language
• 26 letters in English, but 45 speech sounds (or phonemes)
• Phonetics - the study of speech-sound production and the special symbols that represent speech sounds
• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) - specially devised signs and symbols designed to represent the individual speech sounds of all languages
• diphthong - a combination of two vowels in which one vowel glides continuously into the second vowel
• allophone - slight variation in the way different people produce individual phonemes that can be affected by the initial, middle, final position of a word or what sounds precede or follow an individual phoneme
• distinctive features - the smallest individual differences required to differentiate one phoneme from another (place, manner, voice)
• voiced - the distinctive feature that refers to a sound produced either with the vocal folds vibrating (voiced) or not vibrating (unvoiced)
• cognate – two sounds that differ only in voicing (ex. /p/ & /b/)
• place - the location in the mouth where two articulators come together to produce specific sounds
• manner - the way in which the air stream is modified as a result of the interaction of the articulators, direction of airflow, or the degree of narrowing of the vocal tract by the articulators in the various places
• sibilant - a fricative sound whose production is accompanied by a hissing sound /s/ /z/
• bilabial - referring to the two lip sounds /p/ and /b/
• nasal sounds - sound resulting from the closing of the oral cavity, preventing air from escaping thru the mouth w/ a lowered position of the soft palate and a free passage of air thru nose
• glide (semivowel) - a type of consonant that has a gradual (gliding) change in an articulator (lips or tongue) position and a relative long production of sound /w/ /j/
• labiodental fricatives - the /f/ and /v/ sounds where the upper front teeth are in contact with the lower lip
• linguadental (interdental) - voiced and unvoiced /th/ sounds with the tongue tip placed lightly between the top and bottom front teeth
• lingua-alveolar - the 8 sounds for which contact is made between the tongue and alveolar ridge /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/
• linguapalatal - the sh and zh sounds where the top center of the tongue is near the hard palate
• linguavelar - the /k/ and /g/ and /ng/ consonants, where the back of the tongue moved near the soft palate
• blends (consonant clusters) - when two consonants are both individually pronounced (ex. BLack, BRown, SMooth, foLD)
• frequency of occurrence for place of articulation – alveolar is most frequent, almost 50% of consonants
• /n/ is the most frequent alveolar consonant
• significant - a term used to specify the impairment level a child or adult must exhibit before they are considered to have a disorder
• malocclusion - misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) dental arches when they close
• frenum/frenulum - a fold of mucous tissue connecting the floor of the mouth to the midline underside of the tongue
• failure to thrive - the abnormal retardation of growth and development of an infant resulting from conditions that interfere with normal metabolism, appetite, and activity
• gavage feeding - the use of a nasogastic (NG) tube to provide sufficient nutrition and hydration for newborns who have a failure-to-thrive condition
• low birth weight - an infant whose weight at birth is less than 5.5 lbs
• premature - any infant born before 37 weeks
• perinatal - pertaining to the time and process of giving brith or being born
• infantile hypoxia - inadequate oxygenation of the brain leading to rapid heart rate, shallow breathing that affects the brain and other organs
• multifactorial - referring to the likelihood of two or more causes contributing to the etiology or development of an impairment or disorder
• articulation disorder types: substitution, omission, distortion, addition (SODA)