AR

• What can an actus reus be?

  An act, omission or state of affairs
• What does the actus reus relate to?

  What the defendant is doing
• What is an omission?

  What the defendant omits doing
• What is a state of affairs?

  Where the defendant is simply 'being' rather than 'doing'
• What is the general rule on omissions in English Law?

  An omission does not amount to an actus reus
• What are the six duties (exceptions) to the general rule on omissions?

  Statutory duty, contractual duty, because of a relationship, a duty voluntarily undertaken, public office, as a result of a dangerous situation created by the defendant
• What is a legal authority for a statutory duty?

  Road Traffic Act 1988
• What is a case for a contractual duty?

  Pittwood
• What is a case for a duty because of a relationship?

  Gibbons and Proctor
• What is a case for a duty voluntarily undertaken?

  Stone and Dobinson
• What is a case for a duty because of a public office?

  Dytham
• What is a case for a duty because of a dangerous situation created by the defendant?

  Miller
• What is an example of a state of affairs offence?

  Possessing illegal drugs
• What must the actus reus be?

  Voluntary
• What case tells is the actus reus must be voluntary?

  Mitchell